{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T16:22:03Z","timestamp":1781626923042,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,15]],"date-time":"2014-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1400112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>The immunoprophylactic and therapeutic potentials of root extracts of <jats:italic>Withania somnifera<\/jats:italic> chemotypes (NMITLI\u2010118, NMITLI\u2010101) and pure withanolide\u2013withaferin A was investigated against <jats:italic>Leishmania donovani<\/jats:italic> infection in hamsters. The naive animals, fed orally with immunostimulatory doses of chemotypes 101R, 118R (10 and 3\u00a0mg\/kg) and withaferin A (9 and 3\u00a0mg\/kg) for five consecutive days and challenged with <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> parasites on day 6, were euthanized on days 30 and 45 p.c. for the assessment of parasite clearance, real\u2010time analysis of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRNA<\/jats:styled-content>s of Th1\/Th2 cytokines (IFN\u2010\u03b3, IL\u201012, TNF\u2010\u03b1, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">iNOS<\/jats:styled-content>\/IL\u20104, IL\u201010 and TGF\u2010\u03b2), NO production, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, lymphocyte transformation test and antibody responses. By day 45 p.c., there was a significant increase in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> expression of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">iNOS<\/jats:styled-content>, IFN\u2010\u03b3, IL\u201012 and TNF\u2010\u03b1 but decrease in IL\u20104, IL\u201010 and TGF\u2010\u03b2, an enhanced <jats:italic>Leishmania\u2010<\/jats:italic>specific LTT response as well as ROS, NO and antileishmanial IgG2 levels in 101R\u2010treated hamsters followed by 118R\u2010 and withaferin A\u2010treated ones, respectively. When these chemotypes were given to <jats:italic>L.\u00a0donovani<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected hamsters at different doses, there was moderate therapeutic efficacy of chemotype 101R (~50%) at 30\u00a0mg\/kg\u00a0\u00d7\u00a05 followed by the other two. The results established that the 101R is the most potential chemotype and can be evaluated for combination therapy along with available antileishmanials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,16]],"date-time":"2014-05-16T04:00:49Z","timestamp":1400212849000},"page":"253-265","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Efficacy of <i><scp>W<\/scp>ithania somnifera<\/i> chemotypes <scp>NMITLI<\/scp> \u2013 101R, 118R and Withaferin A against experimental visceral leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"C. D. 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