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Cells of innate immune system, antimicrobial peptides, cytokines, chemokines and adaptive immunity in the reproductive tract are evolved during infection, and a pro\u2010inflammatory response is generated to fight against the invading pathogen<jats:italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:italic>, a primary urogenital protozoa, the etiological agent of human trichomoniasis, a curable sexually transmitted infection. The involvement of the urogenital tract by other protozoal infections such as<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0falciparum<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>rypanosoma<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L<\/jats:styled-content>eishmania<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>oxoplasma<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>ntamoeba histolytica<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>canthamoeba<\/jats:italic>infection is rarely reported.<jats:italic>Trichomonas<\/jats:italic>induce pro\u2010inflammatory and immunosuppressive responses in infected subjects. Multifactorial pathogenic mechanisms including parasite adherence, cysteine proteases, lipophosphoglycan, free radical, cytokine generation and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>oll\u2010like receptors appear to interplay with the induction of local and systemic immune responses that ultimately determine the outcome of the infection. However, the involvement of urogenital pathogen\u2010specific immune mechanisms and effect of normal local resident flora on the outcome (symptomatic vs. asymptomatic) of infection are poorly understood. 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