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The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCP<\/jats:styled-content> rat model was established using intramuscular injections of dexamethasone sodium phosphate. To estimate treatment effects of chitosan on rat <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCP<\/jats:styled-content>, weight gain, lung weight, lung weight\/body weight (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LW<\/jats:styled-content>\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BW<\/jats:styled-content>) ratio and per cent survival were measured and the HSP70 m<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content> expression of <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>neumocystis carinii<\/jats:italic> was detected using real\u2010time <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content> analysis. Rat lung tissues were stained with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HE<\/jats:styled-content>, and their pathological changes, inflammatory cells and alveolar macrophages were observed by light microscopy. Rat lymphocyte numbers and the concentrations of IL\u201010, IFN\u2010\u03b3 and TNF\u2010\u03b1 were measured by flow cytometry and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ELISA<\/jats:styled-content> analysis. Additionally, the ultrastructure of <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0carinii<\/jats:italic> was examined by electron microscopy to evaluate the effects of chitosan on the protist. Our results demonstrated that chitosan has some apparent treatment effects on rat <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCP<\/jats:styled-content> by reducing HSP70 m<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content> expression and lung inflammation, increasing the concentrations of IL\u201010 and IFN\u2010\u03b3 as well as CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u2010lymphocyte numbers, reducing the CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u2010lymphocyte numbers and the concentration of TNF\u2010\u03b1 and inducing significant ultrastructural damage to <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0carinii<\/jats:italic>. Although its precise therapeutic mechanism has yet to be determined, these results lay a theoretical foundation for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCP<\/jats:styled-content> chitosan therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,7]],"date-time":"2014-04-07T04:32:36Z","timestamp":1396845156000},"page":"292-302","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Therapeutic efficacies of chitosan against <i><scp>P<\/scp>neumocystis<\/i> pneumonia of immunosuppressed rat"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"A.\u2010B.","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathogenic Biology Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y.","family":"Pu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathogenic Biology Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 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