{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T23:09:02Z","timestamp":1778540942171,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,27]],"date-time":"2014-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1417046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50AI074321"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50AI074321"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Toll\u2010like receptor (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>) signalling is involved in first\u2010line defence against <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L<\/jats:styled-content>eishmania<\/jats:italic> parasites by triggering <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03baB activation and downstream production of proinflammatory cytokines. Experimental models of visceral leishmaniasis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VL<\/jats:styled-content>) support a protective role for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>s 2, 4 and 9 in host immune responses to <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L<\/jats:styled-content>eishmania<\/jats:italic> infection. There are limited data available on expression of these <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>s in human <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VL<\/jats:styled-content>, particularly in sites of infection, such as the spleen. This study aimed to determine whether the expression of m<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content> encoding the expression of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>s 2, 4 and 9 was altered in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VL<\/jats:styled-content> and compare expression patterns in splenic biopsies and peripheral blood mononuclear cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,19]],"date-time":"2014-09-19T15:57:54Z","timestamp":1411142274000},"page":"721-725","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Enhanced expression of Toll\u2010like receptors 2 and 4, but not 9, in spleen tissue from patients with visceral leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"R.","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Banaras Hindu University Varanasi India"},{"name":"Immunology and Infection Lab QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Herston QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"O. 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