{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T23:46:42Z","timestamp":1788997602428,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,27]],"date-time":"2015-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1430092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Auburn University Cellular and Molecular Biosciences Peaks of Excellence Research Fellowship"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000270","name":"Natural Environment Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NE\/M00256X"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/M00256X"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Over the past several decades, outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EID<\/jats:styled-content>s) in wild birds have attracted worldwide media attention, either because of their extreme virulence or because of alarming spillovers into agricultural animals or humans. The pathogens involved have been found to infect a variety of bird hosts ranging from relatively few species (e.g. <jats:italic>Trichomonas gallinae<\/jats:italic>) to hundreds of species (e.g. West Nile Virus). Here we review and contrast the immune responses that wild birds are able to mount against these novel pathogens. We discuss the extent to which these responses are associated with reduced clinical symptoms, pathogen load and mortality, or conversely, how they can be linked to worsened pathology and reduced survival. We then investigate how immune responses to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EID<\/jats:styled-content>s can evolve over time in response to pathogen\u2010driven selection using the illustrative case study of the epizootic outbreak of <jats:italic>Mycoplasma gallisepticum<\/jats:italic> in wild North American house finches (<jats:italic>Haemorhous mexicanus<\/jats:italic>). We highlight the need for future work to take advantage of the substantial inter\u2010 and intraspecific variation in disease progression and outcome following infections with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EID<\/jats:styled-content> to elucidate the extent to which immune responses confer increased resistance through pathogen clearance or may instead heighten pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,4]],"date-time":"2015-04-04T07:44:55Z","timestamp":1428133495000},"page":"242-254","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Immune responses of wild birds to emerging infectious diseases"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Staley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Auburn University Auburn AL 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