{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T22:54:23Z","timestamp":1778626463279,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,28]],"date-time":"2015-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1438041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Leishmaniasis remains a serious health problem. The outcome of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L<\/jats:styled-content>eishmania infection depends on the early innate response. In this study, whole blood samples of 40 patients with visceral leishmaniasis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VL<\/jats:styled-content>), 10 leishmanin skin test\u2010negative (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LST<\/jats:styled-content>\u2212ve) controls and 10 leishmanin skin test\u2010positive (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LST<\/jats:styled-content>+ve) controls were stimulated by live <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0donovani<\/jats:italic> promastigotes. Also, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">THP<\/jats:styled-content>1 human cell line was infected with <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0donovani<\/jats:italic>. The production of interleukin 10 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010), tumour necrosis factor alpha (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>) and interferon gamma (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFNG<\/jats:styled-content>) cytokines was measured, and the expression of Toll\u2010like receptors (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>2, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>4 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>9) was done in the blood samples and also in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">THP<\/jats:styled-content>1 cell line. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010 was found to be higher in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LST<\/jats:styled-content>+ve controls compared with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VL<\/jats:styled-content> patients. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content> was moderately produced with no variation between patients, controls and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">THP<\/jats:styled-content>1 cells. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFNG<\/jats:styled-content> was higher in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LST<\/jats:styled-content>+ve controls also in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">THP<\/jats:styled-content>1 cells. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>4 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>9 were found to be highly expressed in patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VL<\/jats:styled-content>. <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0donovani<\/jats:italic> increases the expression of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>4 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>9 in patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VL<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>2 in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">THP<\/jats:styled-content>1 cells, suggesting a <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>s relation in induction of a mixed cytokine response. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>9 was markedly recognized by <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0donovani <\/jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DNA<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,15]],"date-time":"2015-05-15T15:18:37Z","timestamp":1431703117000},"page":"417-425","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["<i><scp>L<\/scp>eishmania donovani<\/i> influenced cytokines and <scp>T<\/scp>oll\u2010like receptors expression among <scp>S<\/scp>udanese visceral leishmaniasis patients"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"D. 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