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The proliferative potential of the parasite metacestode tissue is dependent on the nature\/function of the periparasitic immune\u2010mediated processes of the host. Immune tolerance and\/or down\u2010regulation of immunity are a marked characteristic increasingly observed when disease develops towards its chronic (late) stage of infection. In this context, explorative studies have clearly shown that T regulatory (Treg) cells play an important role in modulating and orchestrating inflammatory\/immune reactions in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AE<\/jats:styled-content>, yielding a largely Th2\u2010biased response, and finally allowing thus long\u2010term parasite survival, proliferation and maturation. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AE<\/jats:styled-content> is fatal if not treated appropriately, but the current benzimidazole chemotherapy is far from optimal, and novel options for control are needed. Future research should focus on the elucidation of the crucial immunological events that lead to anergy in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AE<\/jats:styled-content>, and focus on providing a scientific basis for the development of novel and more effective immunotherapeutical options to support cure <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AE<\/jats:styled-content> by abrogating anergy, anticipating also that a combination of immuno\u2010 and chemotherapy could provide a synergistic therapeutical effect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12292","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,5]],"date-time":"2015-11-05T08:59:27Z","timestamp":1446713967000},"page":"182-192","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Immunoregulation in larval <i>Echinococcus multilocularis<\/i> infection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Parasitology University of Bern Bern 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