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The extracellular protozoan parasites are exemplars of antigenic variation. They direct host\u2010protective B\u2010cell and T\u2010cell immune responses towards hypervariable components of their variable surface glycoprotein coat and evade immune elimination by generating new surface coat antigenic variants at a rate that supersedes immune destruction. This results in recurring waves of parasitemia, tissue invasion and escalating immunopathology in trypanosomiasis\u2010susceptible hosts. Here, we discuss the possibility that host control of African trypanosomes might be improved by immunization with conserved <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VSG<\/jats:styled-content> peptides and invariant surface glycoproteins. Infection\u2010induced T\u2010cell recall responses to these typically poorly expressed or nonimmunogenic parasite components induce tissue phagocytes to produce microbicidal materials that kill trypanosomes. Preliminary data that support this immune\u2010enhancing vaccine strategy are discussed, as are host and parasite interactions that might downregulate the protective responses. These include infection\u2010induced immunosuppression and increasing virulence of infecting parasites over time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,16]],"date-time":"2016-09-16T17:04:49Z","timestamp":1474045489000},"page":"735-743","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Prospects for vaccination against pathogenic African trypanosomes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"S. J.","family":"Black","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences University of Massachusetts\u2010Amherst  Amherst MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. M.","family":"Mansfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison WI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8749(84)90132-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.140.1.283","article-title":"Genetics of resistance to the African trypanosomes. VI. 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