{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T10:06:23Z","timestamp":1790762783498,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,15]],"date-time":"2017-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1489536000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":42,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Parasitic nematodes have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to communicate with their hosts in order to survive and successfully establish an infection. The transfer of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content> within extracellular vesicles (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EV<\/jats:styled-content>s) has recently been described as a mechanism that could contribute to this communication in filarial nematodes. It has been shown that these <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EV<\/jats:styled-content>s are loaded with several types of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content>s, including micro<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content>s, leading to the hypothesis that parasites could actively use these molecules to manipulate host gene expression and to the exciting prospect that these pathways could result in new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Here, we review the literature on the diverse <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content>i pathways that operate in nematodes and more specifically our current knowledge of extracellular <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content> (ex<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content>) and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EV<\/jats:styled-content>s derived from filarial nematodes in vitro and within their hosts. We further detail some of the issues and questions related to the capacity of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010mediated communication to function in parasite\u2013host interactions and the ability of ex<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content> to enable us to distinguish and detect different nematode parasites in their hosts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,17]],"date-time":"2016-10-17T13:38:18Z","timestamp":1476711498000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Small <scp>RNA<\/scp>s and extracellular vesicles in filarial nematodes: From nematode development to diagnostics"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"J. 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H.","family":"Buck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology and Infection Research and Centre for Immunity, Infection &amp; Evolution School of Biological Sciences University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh 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