{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:18:35Z","timestamp":1787242715201,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,16]],"date-time":"2017-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1489622400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI099602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI099602"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka is a newly established parasitic disease caused by the usually visceralizing\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania donovani<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Skin lesions manifest as non\u2010itchy, non\u2010tender papules, nodules or ulcers. In situ cytokine expression provides clues for immunopathogenesis of this localized form of disease. Skin biopsies from 58 patients were analyzed for histological appearance and in situ cytokine expression of T\u2010helper 1 (Th1) and T\u2010helper 2 (Th2) cytokines, namely interferon (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    )\u2010\u03b3, interleukin (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    )\u201012A, tumor necrosis factor (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    )\u2010\u03b1,\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u20104 and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u201010 by real\u2010time\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u2010\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . Significant up\u2010regulation of the Th1 cytokine\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u2010\u03b3 and down\u2010regulation of the Th2 cytokine\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u20104 were seen in patients compared to healthy controls. Significantly elevated tissue expression of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u2010\u03b3 and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u2010\u03b1 was seen in lesions that presented later than 6\u00a0months from the time of onset, while\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u20104 expression was more prominent in lesions that responded poorly to antimony therapy. A prominent Th1 response appears to support resolving of lesions, whereas a Th2\u2010biased milieu tends to favor poor responsiveness to antimony and delayed lesion healing in\n                    <jats:italic>L. donovani<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections in Sri Lanka.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,23]],"date-time":"2017-01-23T07:12:38Z","timestamp":1485155558000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["In situ immunopathological changes in cutaneous leishmaniasis due to\n                    <i>Leishmania donovani<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"N. 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