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The analyses were performed considering the time of lesions from 23 patients with recent lesions (Group I) and 19 patients with late lesions (Group II<\/jats:styled-content>). All patients were infected with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis<\/jats:italic>. Immunostaining cells for CD<\/jats:styled-content>68, CD<\/jats:styled-content>57, TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010 \u03b1, IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b3, IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010 and IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201017 were performed by immunohistochemistry. Except for CD<\/jats:styled-content>68 and IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201017, the distribution of in situ for CD<\/jats:styled-content>57, IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010, TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1 and IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b3 showed that patients with recent lesions expressed higher levels than those with late lesions. The comparison of cytokine expression\/group showed that IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010 was significantly higher than IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201017 and IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b3 (similar data were shown in IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201017 compared with TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1), suggesting an immunological balance between inflammatory\u2010anti\u2010inflammatory agents. This balance was similar for two groups of patients. In conclusion, these data suggested that (i) patients from Group I had recent lesions (in the beginning of chronic phase) compared to those from Group II<\/jats:styled-content> and (ii) the modulation of inflammatory response in patients with recent American cutaneous leishmaniasis was correlated with IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010 expression in skin lesions preventing the development of mucosal forms. The parasite treatment also prevented the evolution of severe forms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,27]],"date-time":"2017-02-27T02:07:31Z","timestamp":1488161251000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["American cutaneous leishmaniasis: In situ immune response of patients with recent and late lesions"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"A. H. S.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Regional de Sorocaba Instituto Adolfo Lutz Sao Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. B.","family":"Martines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Patologia Instituto Adolfo Lutz Sao Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. 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