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This protozoan initiates a severe inflammatory process, inducing nitric oxide, interleukin\u20106 (IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106), IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20108, IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010, IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201017 and IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201022 production by host immune cells. The parasites elicit these responses by releasing surface lipophosphoglycan, small extracellular vesicles (exosomes) and other factors. Tv<\/jats:italic> exosomes are similar to mammalian exosomes and have been implicated in the modulation of IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20108 secretion by epithelial cells. Here, we report that exosome\u2010like vesicles from T.\u00a0vaginalis<\/jats:italic> (Tv\u2010ELV<\/jats:styled-content>s) induced a more than 15\u2010fold increase in IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010 expression in RAW<\/jats:styled-content>264.7 macrophages but only a two fold increase in IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106 and TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1 expression levels measured by RT<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010PCR<\/jats:styled-content>. Because Tv\u2010ELV<\/jats:styled-content>s modulated the macrophage response, we also explored the effect of Tv\u2010ELV<\/jats:styled-content>s in a murine model of infection. Pretreatment with Tv\u2010ELV<\/jats:styled-content>s significantly increased IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010 production as measured in vaginal washes by days 8 and 16 post\u2010infection. Remarkably, Tv\u2010ELV<\/jats:styled-content>s\u2010pretreated mice exhibited a decrease in IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201017 production and a significant decrease in vulvar inflammation. In addition, IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106 and IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201013 were decreased during infection. Our results suggest that Tv\u2010ELV<\/jats:styled-content>s have an immunomodulatory role on the cytokine profile induced by the parasite and promote a decrease in the inflammatory process in mice infected with T.\u00a0vaginalis<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,27]],"date-time":"2017-03-27T07:07:08Z","timestamp":1490598428000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Trichomonas vaginalis<\/i> exosome\u2010like vesicles modify the cytokine profile and reduce inflammation in parasite\u2010infected mice"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"L. 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