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Despite its high prevalence and the concomitant immune suppression seen in infected individuals, little research has been performed on the mechanism of immunosuppression by hookworm. Our study focused on characterizing mechanisms utilized by hookworm to suppress the host immune response. Splenocytes and draining lymph node cells from mice injected with hookworm excretory\/secretory (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ES<\/jats:styled-content>) proteins showed decreased proliferation in response to both heterologous and species\u2010specific antigens while also having increased nitric oxide secretion. Analysis by fluorescence\u2010activated cell sorting revealed that mice injected with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ES<\/jats:styled-content> had reduced percentages of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells indicating potential effects of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ES<\/jats:styled-content> proteins on lymphocyte homeostasis. Antibody and cytokine response analyses demonstrated that immunization with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ES<\/jats:styled-content> proteins decreased IgG and IgG1 levels, also decreased interleukin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010)\u20104 and increased <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201012 and interferon\u2010gamma (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b3) cytokine production suggesting impairment of B\u2010cell activation and a shift towards a nonhealing <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201012 directed T helper\u20101 immune response. Together, these data demonstrate for the first time that host immunosuppression by hookworms is orchestrated by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ES<\/jats:styled-content> proteins and provide mechanisms underlying the shift towards a nonhealing Th\u20101 profile as seen in humans suffering from hookworm infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,10]],"date-time":"2017-08-10T17:32:36Z","timestamp":1502386356000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Hookworm excretory\/secretory products modulate immune responses to heterologous and species\u2010specific antigens"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"N.","family":"Diliani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular Immunology &amp; Parasitology Department of Biological Sciences Central Washington University  Ellensburg WA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5942-2940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B.","family":"Dondji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular Immunology &amp; 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