{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T12:35:52Z","timestamp":1784896552938,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,12]],"date-time":"2017-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1507766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Visceral leishmaniosis is a zoonotic disease that is transmitted by <jats:italic>Lutzomyia longipalpis<\/jats:italic> sandflies. Dogs are the main peri\u2010urban reservoir of the disease, and progression of canine leishmaniosis is dependent on the type of immune response elaborated against the parasite. Type 1 immunity is characterized by effective cellular response, with production of pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor alpha (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1). In contrast, Type 2 immunity is predominantly humoral, associated with progression of the disease and mediated by anti\u2010inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 10 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010). Although seemly important in the dynamics of leishmaniosis, other gene products such as toll\u2010like receptor 2 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TRL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20102) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">iNOS<\/jats:styled-content>) exert unclear roles in the determination of the type of immune response. Given that the dog skin serves as a micro\u2010environment for the multiplication of <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> spp., we investigated the parasite load and the expression of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>\u20102, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">iNOS<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1 in the skin of 29 infected and 8 control dogs. We found that increased parasite load leads to upregulation of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>\u20102, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1, indicating that abundance of these transcripts is associated with infection. We also performed a xenodiagnosis to demonstrate that increased parasitism is a risk factor for infectiousness to sandflies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,20]],"date-time":"2017-09-20T08:48:43Z","timestamp":1505897323000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Dog skin parasite load, <scp>TLR<\/scp>\u20102, <scp>IL<\/scp>\u201010 and <scp>TNF<\/scp>\u2010\u03b1 expression and infectiousness"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"D. C. M.","family":"Pereira\u2010Fonseca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Production and Animal Health School of Veterinary Medicine S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp)  Ara\u00e7atuba S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F. M.","family":"Oliveira\u2010Rovai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Production and Animal Health School of Veterinary Medicine S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp)  Ara\u00e7atuba S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. A. C.","family":"Rodas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Production and Animal Health School of Veterinary Medicine S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp)  Ara\u00e7atuba S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. A. C.","family":"Beloti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Production and Animal Health School of Veterinary Medicine S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp)  Ara\u00e7atuba S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. B. P.","family":"Torrecilha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Science S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp)  Jaboticabal S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. K. R. K.","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Production and Animal Health School of Veterinary Medicine S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp)  Ara\u00e7atuba S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. V.","family":"Avan\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Zoonosis Control Rua Doutor Luiz de Almeida  Ara\u00e7atuba S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. S.","family":"Cipriano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Zoonosis Control Rua Doutor Luiz de Almeida  Ara\u00e7atuba S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y. T.","family":"Utsunomiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Science S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp)  Jaboticabal S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. M.","family":"Hiramoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adolfo Lutz Institute  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Calvo\u2010Bado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences The University of Warwick  Coventry UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O.","family":"Courtenay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences The University of Warwick  Coventry UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. F.","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Production and Animal Health School of Veterinary Medicine S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp)  Ara\u00e7atuba S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0954-5045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V. M. 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