{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T12:34:07Z","timestamp":1753878847034,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,4]],"date-time":"2017-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1512345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Toxoplasmosis is mostly associated with other intestinal parasitic infections especially <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic> due to shared mode of peroral infection. <jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic> induce a strong T\u2010helper 1\u2010 immune response. Our aim was to induce a protective immune response that results in significant impact on intestinal and extra\u2010intestinal phases of <jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic> infection. This study was conducted in experimental animals and assessment of <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic> cyst extract effect on <jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic> infection was investigated by histopathological examination of small intestine and brain, <jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic> cyst count and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">iNOS<\/jats:styled-content> staining of the brain, measurement of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b3 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TGF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b2 in intestinal tissues. Results showed that the brain <jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic> cyst number was decreased in mice infected with <jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic> then received <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic> cyst extract as compared to mice infected with <jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic> only. This effect was produced because <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic> cyst extract augmented the immune response to <jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic> infection as evidenced by severe inflammatory reaction in the intestinal and brain tissues, increased levels of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b3 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TGF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b2 in intestinal tissues and strong <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">iNOS<\/jats:styled-content> staining of the brain. In conclusion, <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic> cyst extract generated a protective response against <jats:italic>T.\u00a0gondii<\/jats:italic> infection. Therefore, <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic> antigen will be a suitable candidate for further researches as an immunomodulatory agent against <jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic> infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,12]],"date-time":"2017-11-12T15:22:34Z","timestamp":1510500154000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Immunological interaction between <i>Giardia<\/i> cyst extract and experimental toxoplasmosis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"D. S.","family":"Ashour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Parasitology Department Faculty of Medicine Tanta University  Tanta Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5852-0768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. E.","family":"Saad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Parasitology Department Faculty of Medicine Tanta University  Tanta Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L. M.","family":"Dawood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry Department Faculty of Medicine Tanta University  Tanta Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Y.","family":"Zamzam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Department Faculty of Medicine Tanta University  Tanta Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2012.661115"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/AHR2005100"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-006-0306-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis508"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21688370.2016.1273865"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/338006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"161","volume-title":"Markell & Voges Medical parasitology","author":"Markell EK","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1040-840291046713"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2317"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trt042"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2013.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","first-page":"240e247","article-title":"Cell\u2010mediated immunity to Toxoplasma gondii: initiation, regulation and effector function","volume":"201","author":"Yap GS","year":"1999","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.1.170-175.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-012-2503-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.1.11-18.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.3.1478"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.11.6642-6649.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmt085"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws220"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2003.11.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.3.1569-1573.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkf251"},{"volume-title":"Medical Laboratory Manual for Tropical Countries. 2nd ed., Vol. I, Tropical Health Technology","year":"1987","author":"Cheesbrough M","key":"e_1_2_6_24_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.24.6.1079-1083.1986","article-title":"Physical and chemical characterization of a Giardia lamblia\u2010specific antigen useful in the coprodiagnosis of giardiasis","volume":"24","author":"Rosoff JD","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2007.00901.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.10.5662-5669.2003"},{"volume-title":"Carleton Histological Technique","year":"1967","author":"Carleton MA","key":"e_1_2_6_29_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","first-page":"1119","article-title":"Antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects of darbepoetin\u2010\u03b1 against traumatic\u00a0brain\u00a0injury in rats","volume":"11","author":"Kertmen H","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Med Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3228","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.4.3228-3235.1997","article-title":"Inducible nitric oxide synthase in Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus infection","volume":"71","author":"Oleszak EL","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2011.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2003.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2013.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","unstructured":"1998 St. Louis MO Mosby F Roberts R McLeod K Boyer SL Katz AA Gershon PJ Hotez Toxoplasmosis 538 570"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182006001855"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.068155"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100769"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2011.93"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/243796"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","first-page":"160","article-title":"Role of IL\u20102, IL\u20104 and IL\u201010 in patients infected with Giardia lamblia","volume":"29","author":"Bayraktar MR","year":"2005","journal-title":"Turkiye Parazitol Derg"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.5.3464"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1997.tb05965.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3284282"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-014-0293-5","article-title":"Parasite distribution and associated immune response during the acute phase of Toxoplasma gondii infection in sheep","volume":"10","author":"Verhelst D","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.6.2988"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(03)00048-0","article-title":"Development of a vaccine for toxoplasmosis: current status","volume":"5","author":"Bhopale GM","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0900640"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.4.569"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2011.09.012","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: identification and immune response against a group of proteins involved in cellular invasion","volume":"130","author":"Azzouz S","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0126334"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2006.00692.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.10.5375"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.5.3329"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.12703\/P7-62","article-title":"Advances in understanding Giardia: determinants and mechanisms of chronic sequelae","volume":"7","author":"Bartelt LA","year":"2015","journal-title":"F1000Prime Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2007.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.1997.d01-189.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.1998.t01-1-00122.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182004006742"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3284474"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_62_1","first-page":"978","volume-title":"Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract","author":"Faubert GM","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.29116"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.1999.00237.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0176144","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176144","article-title":"Intestinal, extraintestinal and systemic sequelae of Toxoplasma gondii induced acute ileitis in mice harboring a human gut microbiota","volume":"12","author":"Klitzing E","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-012-3047-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/tru083","article-title":"Detection and molecular characterisation of Giardia lamblia genotypes in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates","volume":"108","author":"ElBakri A","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piw082"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040985"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_70_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Cross modulation of pathogen specific pathways enhances malnutrition during enteric coinfection with Giardia lamblia and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli","volume":"27","author":"Bartelt LA","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens4040764"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2011.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201141507"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2016.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.09.114"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830250420"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.2001.00371.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27867","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027867","article-title":"Phosphatidylserine exposure by Toxoplasma gondii is fundamental to balance the immune response granting survival of the parasite and of the host","volume":"6","author":"Santos TA","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(97)00156-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1998.4359","article-title":"Functional and quantitative analysis of splenic T cell immune responses following oral Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice","volume":"91","author":"Lee YH","year":"1999","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.2.798","article-title":"In the absence of endogenous IL\u201010, mice acutely infected with Toxoplasma gondii succumb to a lethal immune response dependent on CD4\u00a0+\u00a0 T cells and accompanied by overproduction of IL\u201012, IFN\u2010gamma and TNF\u2010alpha","volume":"157","author":"Gazzinelli RT","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.149.6.2028","article-title":"Regulation by transforming growth factor\u2010b1 of expression and function of the receptor for IFN\u2010\u03b3 on mouse macrophages","volume":"149","author":"Pinson DM","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4126","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.61.10.4126-4130.1993","article-title":"Infection of murine macrophages with Toxoplasma gondii is associated with release of transforming growth factor \u03b2 and downregulation of expression of tumor necrosis factor receptors","volume":"61","author":"Bermudez LE","year":"1993","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(97)00146-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-4749-5-26"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_86_1","first-page":"152","article-title":"Systemic and mucosal responses to oral administration of excretory and secretory antigens from\u00a0Giardia intestinalis","volume":"11","author":"Jimenez JC","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2006.100198"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15168","DOI":"10.1038\/srep15168","article-title":"The invasive potential of Giardia intestinalis in an in vivo model","volume":"5","author":"Reynoso\u2010Robles R","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3512","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.6.3512","article-title":"Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase exacerbates chronic cerebral toxoplasmosis in Toxoplasma gondii\u2010susceptible C57BL\/6 mice but does not reactivate the latent disease in T. gondii\u2010resistant BALB\/c mice","volume":"162","author":"Schluter D","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00361-09"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2214"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/neup.12263"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_93_1","first-page":"1233","article-title":"eNOS\u00a0and\u00a0iNOS\u00a0trigger\u00a0apoptosis\u00a0in the\u00a0brains\u00a0of\u00a0sheep\u00a0and\u00a0goats\u00a0naturally\u00a0infected\u00a0with the\u00a0border disease virus","volume":"30","author":"Dincel GC","year":"2015","journal-title":"Histol Histopathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/152308601300185223"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005442"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_96_1","first-page":"37","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis in relation to Entameba histolytica and Giardia lamblia infection","volume":"2","author":"Al\u2010khushali MN","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diyala J Med"}],"container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fpim.12503","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/pim.12503","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T13:19:03Z","timestamp":1695993543000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/pim.12503"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,4]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/pim.12503"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pim.12503","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0141-9838","1365-3024"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0141-9838"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1365-3024"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,4]]},"article-number":"e12503"}}