{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:21:39Z","timestamp":1790709699159,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,30]],"date-time":"2018-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009104","name":"Department of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DHR\/HRD\/Fellowship\/SUG\u201005\/2015\u201016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DHR\/HRD\/Fellowship\/SUG\u201005\/2015\u201016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Leishmania donovani<\/jats:italic>, the causative parasite of Visceral Leishmaniasis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VL<\/jats:styled-content>), deviously manipulates host monocytes\/macrophages to ensure its survival. Although monocytes\/macrophages from patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VL<\/jats:styled-content> have demonstrated an impaired oxidative burst and antigen presentation, an unanswered yet pertinent question remains as to whether they are deactivated or alternatively activated. The significantly raised plasma levels of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20104\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201013 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010 in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VL<\/jats:styled-content> patients suggested a microenvironment conducive for alternative activation of monocytes\/macrophages. Accordingly, the classical markers for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20104\u2010driven monocytes\/macrophages [M(<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20104)] were studied namely intramonocytic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>206<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, circulating <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCL<\/jats:styled-content>22 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCL<\/jats:styled-content>17, and were unchanged. Furthermore, the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> expression of Kruppel\u2010like factor 4 (<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KLF<\/jats:styled-content>4<\/jats:italic>), peroxisome proliferator\u2010activated receptors (<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPAR<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic>)\u2010\u03b3 and arginase\u2010I (<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ARG<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010I<\/jats:italic>) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was unaltered. However, markers for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010\u2010driven monocytes\/macrophages [M(<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010)], namely soluble <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>163, intramonocytic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010, and circulating <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CXCL<\/jats:styled-content>13 were significantly increased. Monocytes\/macrophages of patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VL<\/jats:styled-content> demonstrated an increased expression of markers for M(<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010), along with the absence of markers for M(<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20104). Taken together, in human <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VL<\/jats:styled-content>, manipulation of these <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010 polarized monocytes\u2010macrophages may pave the way for improved therapeutic outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,10]],"date-time":"2018-05-10T13:04:15Z","timestamp":1525957455000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["An <scp>IL<\/scp>\u201010 dominant polarization of monocytes is a feature of Indian Visceral Leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"Roy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research  Kolkata India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Mukhopadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research  Kolkata India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research  Kolkata India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Moulik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research  Kolkata India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Chatterji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine School of Tropical Medicine  Kolkata India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Brahme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine School of Tropical Medicine  Kolkata India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Pramanik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine School of Tropical Medicine  Kolkata India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. 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