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In addition, the investigations were conducted to determine the kinetic of EV<\/jats:styled-content> release by tachyzoites and whether EV<\/jats:styled-content> proteins are able to modulate the host immune response. The particle size and concentration released by tachyzoites in culture medium at different incubation\u2010period were characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis. Tachyzoites (1\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0106<\/jats:sup>) released around 4.37\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.81\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0108<\/jats:sup> EV<\/jats:styled-content>s\/mL<\/jats:styled-content>\/h, with size varying between 138.2 and 171.9\u00a0nm. EV<\/jats:styled-content>s released into the medium were purified by gel\u2010exclusion chromatography and screened by ELISA<\/jats:styled-content>, using a pool of human positive sera for toxoplasmosis. EV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010fractions contained high concentration of proteins, and EV<\/jats:styled-content>s were analyzed by scanning and transmission electron microscopies. Tachyzoites released EV<\/jats:styled-content>s into the culture medium throughout all membrane surface, and these vesicles contain small RNA<\/jats:styled-content>s\/miRNA<\/jats:styled-content>. Pooled sera from chronically infected human or mice (infected with 2 different T.\u00a0gondii<\/jats:italic> strains) recognized distinct EV<\/jats:styled-content> electrophoretic patterns in immunoblotting. T.\u00a0gondii <\/jats:italic>EV<\/jats:styled-content>s significantly induced IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010, TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1 and iNOS<\/jats:styled-content> in murine macrophages. In conclusion, this study shows that T.\u00a0gondii<\/jats:italic> secrete\/excrete EV<\/jats:styled-content>s (microvesicles and exosomes) contain miRNA<\/jats:styled-content> and they were immunologically recognized by host immune response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,5]],"date-time":"2018-07-05T07:49:41Z","timestamp":1530776981000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Extracellular vesicles isolated from Toxoplasma gondii<\/i> induce host immune response"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Valeria Oliveira","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas e Fungos Instituto Adolfo Lutz Sao Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta 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