{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T19:14:57Z","timestamp":1762542897901,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,11]],"date-time":"2018-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1536624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011495","name":"Massachusetts Life Sciences Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011495","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R44\u2010AI113992"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R44\u2010AI113992"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>We have recently developed a sensitive and specific urine\u2010based antigen detection <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ELISA<\/jats:styled-content> for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VL<\/jats:styled-content>). This assay used rabbit IgG and chicken IgY polyclonal antibodies specific for the <jats:italic>Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic> proteins iron superoxide dismutase 1 (<jats:italic>Li\u2010isd1<\/jats:italic>), tryparedoxin1 (<jats:italic>Li\u2010txn1<\/jats:italic>) and nuclear transport factor 2 (<jats:italic>Li\u2010ntf2<\/jats:italic>). However, polyclonal antibodies have limitations for upscaling and continuous supply. To circumvent these hurdles, we began to develop immortalized monoclonal antibodies. We opted for recombinant camelid <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VHH<\/jats:styled-content>s because the technology for their production is well established and they do not have Fc, hence providing less <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ELISA<\/jats:styled-content> background noise. We report here an assay development using <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VHH<\/jats:styled-content>s specific for <jats:italic>Li\u2010isd1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Li\u2010ntf2<\/jats:italic>. This new assay was specific and had analytical sensitivity of 15\u201045\u00a0pg\/mL of urine. The clinical sensitivity was comparable to that obtained with the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ELISA<\/jats:styled-content> assembled with conventional rabbit and chicken antibodies to detect these two antigens. Therefore, similar to our former studies with conventional antibodies, the future inclusion of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VHH<\/jats:styled-content> specific for <jats:italic>Li\u2010txn1<\/jats:italic> and\/or other antigens should further increase the sensitivity of the assay. These results confirm that immortalized <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VHH<\/jats:styled-content>s can replace conventional antibodies for the development of an accurate and reproducible antigen detection diagnostic test for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VL<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,18]],"date-time":"2018-08-18T11:03:45Z","timestamp":1534590225000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Use of <scp>VHH<\/scp> antibodies for the development of antigen detection test for visceral leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Claudia","family":"Abeijon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DetectoGen Inc.  Grafton Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Dilo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DetectoGen Inc.  Grafton Massachusetts"},{"name":"Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University  North Grafton Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline M.","family":"Tremblay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University  North Grafton Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agostinho G.","family":"Viana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Minas Gerais  Belo Horizonte Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lilian L.","family":"Bueno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Minas Gerais  Belo Horizonte Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvio F. G.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of Montes Claros  Montes Claros Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4713-575X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo T.","family":"Fujiwara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Minas Gerais  Belo Horizonte Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles B.","family":"Shoemaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University  North Grafton Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1355-2798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Campos\u2010Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DetectoGen Inc.  Grafton Massachusetts"},{"name":"Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University  North Grafton Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001432-200210000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.006"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"951","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"9","author":"Sundar S","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab 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