{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:20:51Z","timestamp":1790709651127,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,11]],"date-time":"2018-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001411","name":"Indian Council of Medical Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INT\u2010117\u2010BAS\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INT\u2010117\u2010BAS\/2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mammalian target of rapamycin (m<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TOR<\/jats:styled-content>) is a central regulator of growth and immunity of host cells. It's involvement in cancer and tuberculosis is well documented but least explored in <jats:italic>Leishmania donovani<\/jats:italic> invasion of host cells. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to investigate the role of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mTOR<\/jats:styled-content> in M2 macrophage polarization for <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> survival. We observed that <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> infection activated host m<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TOR<\/jats:styled-content> pathway characterized by phosphorylation of m<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TOR<\/jats:styled-content>, 70S6K and 4\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EBP<\/jats:styled-content>1. Inhibition of m<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TOR<\/jats:styled-content> resulted in decreased parasite load and percent infectivity. Moreover, <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> infection triggered cell proliferation as was evidenced by increased expression of cyclin A and p\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RPS<\/jats:styled-content>6. m<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TOR<\/jats:styled-content> activation during <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> infection resulted in reduced expression of M1 macrophage markers (eg, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ROS<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> NO<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> iNOS<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> NOX<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201012, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101\u03b2 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1), and increased expression of M2 macrophage markers (eg, arginase\u20101, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TGF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b2, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>206 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>163). Furthermore, we observed that in case of <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> infection, m<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TOR<\/jats:styled-content> inhibition increased the translocation of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03baB to nucleus and deactivation of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">STAT<\/jats:styled-content>\u20103. Eventually, we observed that inhibition of M2 macrophage polarization reduced <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> survival inside macrophages. Therefore, our findings suggest that m<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TOR<\/jats:styled-content> plays a crucial role in regulation of M2 macrophage polarization and direct the innate immune homeostasis towards parasite survival inside host.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,6]],"date-time":"2018-09-06T07:44:40Z","timestamp":1536219880000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["<i>Retracted:<\/i><i>Leishmania<\/i> infection activates host <scp>mTOR<\/scp> for its survival by M2\u00a0macrophage polarization"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Ajay","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Biology Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research)  Patna Bihar 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