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We tested the impact of a\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u20101\/\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u2010L1 pathway blockade on the outcome of both chronic\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (intraperitoneal metacestode inoculation, secondary\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SAE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) and acute\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (peroral egg infection, primary\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ). To assess the parasite proliferation potential, we measured parasite mass weight for\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SAE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and liver lesion number for\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . In both models, the parasite load was significantly decreased in response to anti\u2010\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u2010L1 antibody treatment. In\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SAE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , anti\u2010\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PDL<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    1 administration was associated with increased Th1 response parameters and decreased Treg responses, while in\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    anti\u2010\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PDL<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    1 administration was associated with fewer lesions in the liver and decreased Treg\/Th2 responses. Our findings highly suggested that a\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u20101\/\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u2010L1 pathway blockade triggered the host immune responses in favour of an immune\u2010mediated control of\n                    <jats:italic>E.\u00a0multilocularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    proliferation. Based on this, future studies that combine\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u20101\/\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u2010L1 blockade with a parasitostatic albendazole medication may yield in a putatively curative therapeutic approach to control alveolar echinococcosis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12596","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,13]],"date-time":"2018-10-13T09:00:21Z","timestamp":1539421221000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Immunotherapy of alveolar echinococcosis via\n                    <scp>PD<\/scp>\n                    \u20101\/\n                    <scp>PD<\/scp>\n                    \u2010L1 immune checkpoint blockade in mice"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Junhua","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology Vetsuisse Faculty Institute of Parasitology University of Bern  Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fadi","family":"Jebbawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine Inselspital University Hospital of Bern  Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne\u2010Pauline","family":"Bellanger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chrono\u2010Environment UMR\/CNRS 6249 University of Bourgogne Franche\u2010Comt\u00e9  Besan\u00e7on France"},{"name":"Parasitology Mycology Department University Hospital Jean Minjoz  Besancon 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