{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T00:52:55Z","timestamp":1760921575026,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,3]],"date-time":"2018-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U19 AI074321"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19 AI074321"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001412","name":"Council of Scientific and Industrial Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001412","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Iron is key ingredient for immunosurveillance and host\u2010pathogen interaction. Intracellular pathogen steals the iron from the host, but how parasite orchestrates iron acquisition and affects immune responses remains controversial. We aimed to study the iron homoeostasis in visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and its influence on immune machinery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study was performed on purified monocytes and T cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells and splenic aspirates for transcriptional analyses of iron homoeostasis (hepcidin, DMT1, transferrin receptor, ferroportin) and immune modulations (IFN\u2010\u03b3, HLA\u2010DR, IL\u201010, iNOS, IL\u20106). Serum\/plasma was used for determination of iron, total\/transferrin iron\u2010binding capacity and anti\u2010leishmania antibody titres in cases. We report that VL\u2010induced perturbation in iron homoeostasis may cause immune dysfunctions. VL cases had decreased iron uptake by transferrin\u2010dependent and transferrin\u2010independent routes while elevated hepcidin, degraded sole iron exporter ferroportin. Therefore, it appears that perturbation in iron homoeostasis has essential role in HLA\u2010DR mediated antigen presentation and innate armoury by downregulating iNOS as well as altering IFN\u2010\u03b3, IL\u20106 and IL\u201010 profiles.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The iron homoeostasis by hepcidin can serve as one of the crucial determinants for regulating immune cell signalling; therefore, targeting iron metabolism, specifically hepcidin alone or in combination with agonists, can serve to clear infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,7]],"date-time":"2018-11-07T06:53:02Z","timestamp":1541573582000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Hepcidin mediated iron homoeostasis as immune regulator in visceral leishmaniasis patients"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Bhawana","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University  Varanasi India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siddharth Sankar","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University  Varanasi India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9988-582X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shyam","family":"Sundar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University  Varanasi India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2014.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2007.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.180.3.969"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2010.01529.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.69.031905.164337"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182016000858"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"387","article-title":"The effect of iron and transferrin on the response of serum\u2010free cultures of mouse lymphocytes to concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharide","volume":"43","author":"Brock JH","year":"1981","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.174.2.459"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2010.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00498-10"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0409409102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI0215686"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nu.15.070195.001323"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1103072"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2016.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2009.03226.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","unstructured":"SiedelJ WahlefeldA ZiegenhornJ.Improved ferrozineR\u2010based reagent for the determination of serum iron (transferrin iron) without deproteinization. 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