{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T04:08:47Z","timestamp":1776485327338,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,3]],"date-time":"2018-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004396","name":"Thailand Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RTA 5680006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTA 5680006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004396","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012527","name":"Office of the Higher Education Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012527","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010897","name":"Newton Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010897","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50AI098639"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50AI098639"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004396","name":"Thailand Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50AI098639"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50AI098639"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004396","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Liver fluke infection caused by <jats:italic>Opisthorchis viverrini<\/jats:italic> induces several hepatobiliary conditions including advanced periductal fibrosis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">APF<\/jats:styled-content>) and cholangiocarcinoma (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCA<\/jats:styled-content>), but &gt;25% of the infected population develops <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">APF<\/jats:styled-content> and 1% develop <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCA<\/jats:styled-content>. The innate immune response is the first line of defence, and macrophages are critical regulators of fibrosis. We hypothesized that macrophages from infected individuals have different capacities to either promote or suppress periductal fibrosis. We compared phagocytic activities of macrophages of healthy individuals and <jats:italic>O\u00a0viverrini\u2010<\/jats:italic>infected individuals\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">APF<\/jats:styled-content>, and found that macrophages from infected individuals with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">APF<\/jats:styled-content> ingested significantly higher numbers of beads compared with healthy controls and <jats:italic>O\u00a0viverrini\u2010<\/jats:italic>infected individuals without <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">APF<\/jats:styled-content>. To further investigate proteolytic activity, we monitored real\u2010time phagosomal proteolysis of beads conjugated to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DQ<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BODIPY<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BSA<\/jats:styled-content> using live cell imaging. We show that macrophages from <jats:italic>O\u00a0viverrini\u2010<\/jats:italic>infected individuals with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">APF<\/jats:styled-content> also have elevated phagosomal proteolysis activity, which is consistent with their increased phagocytic activity. Additionally, stimulated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ROS<\/jats:styled-content> production by blood monocytes was higher in individuals with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">APF<\/jats:styled-content> compared with healthy controls and infected individuals without <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">APF<\/jats:styled-content>. These results suggest that during <jats:italic>O\u00a0viverrini<\/jats:italic> infection, macrophages with high phagocytic and proteolytic activities together with elevated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ROS<\/jats:styled-content> production are the phenotypes that can promote tissue damage, which results in periductal fibrosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12603","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,18]],"date-time":"2018-11-18T08:28:36Z","timestamp":1542529716000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["High macrophage activities are associated with advanced periductal fibrosis in chronic <i>Opisthorchis viverrini<\/i> infection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Kanin","family":"Salao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine Khon Kaen University  Khon Kaen Thailand"},{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver Fluke Disease) Tropical Disease Research Center Faculty of Medicine Khon Kaen University  Khon Kaen Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krongkarn","family":"Watakulsin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine Khon Kaen University  Khon Kaen Thailand"},{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver Fluke Disease) Tropical Disease Research Center Faculty of Medicine Khon Kaen University  Khon Kaen Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eimorn","family":"Mairiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Faculty of Medicine Khon Kaen University  Khon Kaen Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sutas","family":"Suttiprapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver Fluke Disease) Tropical Disease Research Center Faculty of Medicine Khon Kaen University  Khon Kaen Thailand"},{"name":"Tropical Medicine Graduate Program (International Program) Academic Affairs Faculty of Medicine Khon Kaen University  Khon Kaen Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sirikachorn","family":"Tangkawattana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver Fluke Disease) Tropical Disease Research Center Faculty of Medicine Khon Kaen University  Khon Kaen Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Pathobiology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Khon Kaen University  Khon Kaen Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven W.","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Integrative Biology Faculty of Health and Life Sciences University of Liverpool  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8899-5919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Banchob","family":"Sripa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver Fluke Disease) Tropical Disease Research Center Faculty of Medicine Khon Kaen University  Khon Kaen Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Pathology Faculty of Medicine Khon Kaen University  Khon Kaen Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2010.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1996.55.295"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"431","article-title":"Ultrasound screening for Opisthorchis 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