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The antileishmanial activity of <jats:italic>S\u00a0ebulus<\/jats:italic> aquatic extract was evaluated using <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MTT<\/jats:styled-content> test as well as parasite rescue and transformation assay. Footpad swelling and parasite load of infected mice were measured by several techniques. The immune responses were evaluated by measuring the levels of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b3, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20104, nitric oxide and arginase. The results indicated that <jats:italic>S.\u00a0ebulus<\/jats:italic> can significantly decrease <jats:italic>L.\u00a0major<\/jats:italic> promastigotes and amastigotes viability, but it was not toxic to macrophages. The lesion size, parasite burden and the level of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ARG<\/jats:styled-content> decreased in the treated infected mice, while the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b3\u2010to\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20104 ratio and the level of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NO<\/jats:styled-content> increased significantly. Altogether, the <jats:italic>S.\u00a0ebulus<\/jats:italic> extract is an effective compound for killing <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> parasite without excessive toxicity to the host cells and can cure the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CL<\/jats:styled-content> by switching the host immune responses towards Th1 response. Thus, it may be a perfect therapeutic option for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CL<\/jats:styled-content> treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12605","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,25]],"date-time":"2018-11-25T10:23:35Z","timestamp":1543141415000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["<i>Sambucus ebulus<\/i> extract stimulates cellular responses in cutaneous leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Maryam","family":"Heidari\u2010Kharaji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Skin and Stem Cell Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vahid","family":"Fallah\u2010Omrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran 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