{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T13:44:54Z","timestamp":1776087894459,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,12]],"date-time":"2019-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic> is the aetiological agent of human visceral leishmaniasis and canine leishmaniasis, both systemic and potentially fatal diseases. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PMN<\/jats:styled-content>) are the first cells to phagocyte this parasite at the inoculation site, but macrophages (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M\u00d8<\/jats:styled-content>) are the definitive host cells, ensuring parasite replication. The interaction between dog <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M\u00d8<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> PMN<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:italic>L\u00a0infantum<\/jats:italic> promastigotes was in vitro investigated. It was observed that promastigotes establish contact with blood monocyte\u2010derived <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M\u00d8<\/jats:styled-content> mainly by the tip of the flagellum. These cells, that efficiently bind and internalize parasites, underwent major morphological changes, produced nitric oxide (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NO<\/jats:styled-content>) and released histone H1 in order to inactivate the parasite. Transfer of intracellular parasites from <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PMN<\/jats:styled-content> to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M\u00d8<\/jats:styled-content> was confirmed by flow cytometry, using <jats:italic>L\u00a0infantum<\/jats:italic> expressing a green fluorescent protein. The interaction of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M\u00d8<\/jats:styled-content> with <jats:italic>L\u00a0infantum<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PMN<\/jats:styled-content> lead to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NO<\/jats:styled-content> production and release of extracellular traps, which may contribute to parasite containment and inactivation. This study highlights for the first time the diversity of cellular and molecular events triggered by the interaction between canine <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PMN<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M\u00d8<\/jats:styled-content>, which can promote a reduction of parasite burden in the early phase of <jats:italic>L\u00a0infantum<\/jats:italic> infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,8]],"date-time":"2019-02-08T18:25:27Z","timestamp":1549650327000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Canine neutrophils cooperate with macrophages in the early stages of <i>Leishmania infantum<\/i> in vitro infection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Maria A.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM) Instituto de Higiene e 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