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Antimicrobial peptides are promising candidates that could address the spread of multidrug\u2010resistant pathogens. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPRP<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010A1\/A2 are known to display antimicrobial activity against gram\u2010negative bacteria, gram\u2010positive bacteria and some pathogenic fungi, but whether <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPRP<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010A1\/A2 work on <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>T\u00a0gondii<\/jats:italic>) is unknown. In this study, we found that the viability of tachyzoites that received <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPRP<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010A1\/A2 treatment was significantly decreased, and there was a reduction in the adhesion to and invasion of macrophages by tachyzoites after <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPRP<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010A1\/A2 treatment. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPRP<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010A1\/A2 damaged the integrity of tachyzoite membranes, as characterized by membrane disorganization in and cytoplasm outflow from tachyzoites. In addition, in vivo injection with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPRP<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010A1\/A2 resulted in a significantly decreased number of tachyzoites and an accelerated Th1\/Tc1 response, and elicited pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines in <jats:italic>T\u00a0gondii\u2010<\/jats:italic>infected mice. Furthermore, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPRP<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010A1\/A2\u2010treated splenocytes exhibited a significantly increased Tc1\/Th1 response, and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPRP<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010A1\/A2\u2010stimulated macrophages inhibited the growth of carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl amino ester (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CFSE<\/jats:styled-content>)\u2010labelled tachyzoites, which had higher <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201012 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> levels. Altogether, these results imply that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPRP<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010A1\/A2 are effective against <jats:italic>T\u00a0gondii<\/jats:italic> through damaging the structure of tachyzoites and inducing a protective immune response, which could offer an alternative approach against <jats:italic>T\u00a0gondii<\/jats:italic> infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12619","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,21]],"date-time":"2019-02-21T04:16:23Z","timestamp":1550722583000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Research on the effect and mechanism of antimicrobial peptides <scp>HPRP<\/scp>\u2010A1\/A2 work against <i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i> infection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Ran","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathogen Biology Nanjing Medical University  Nanjing Jiangsu 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