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Here, we describe the association between serum cytokine concentrations and disease severity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Seventeen controls and 55 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content> confirmed <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\u00a0<jats:italic>rossi<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected dogs were included. Diseased dogs were subdivided into 23 critically ill and 32 relatively well cases. Serum concentrations of 11 cytokines and biochemical markers of disease severity were determined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Significant differences were detected for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20108, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MCP<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1 between the groups. Generally, the more complicated the disease<jats:italic>,<\/jats:italic> the more pro\u2010inflammatory the cytokine milieu. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20108 showed a reverse trend and was negatively correlated with disease severity. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MCP<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1 were also significantly higher in the dogs that died (n\u00a0=\u00a09) compared to the dogs that survived (n\u00a0=\u00a046). <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20108 showed the opposite. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MCP<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1 were negatively correlated with biochemical markers of severity. Glucose was negatively correlated with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106. Cortisol, peripheral parasite density and band neutrophil count were positively correlated, whilst thyroid hormone was negatively correlated with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MCP<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>As in malaria and sepsis, <jats:italic>B\u00a0rossi<\/jats:italic> infection induces a pro\u2010inflammatory cytokine storm that correlates with disease severity and adverse outcome. The multiplicity of cytokines involved argues for redundancy in the system once the disease is established.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,7]],"date-time":"2019-05-07T22:50:50Z","timestamp":1557269450000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Disease severity and blood cytokine concentrations in dogs with natural <i>Babesia rossi<\/i> infection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8432-9425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Leisewitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amelia","family":"Goddard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill","family":"De Gier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Van Engelshoven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Clift","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paraclinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Production Animal Studies Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan P.","family":"Schoeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.13.3.451"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1202018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-51"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-48"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-5-85"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2012.00905.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.05015-11"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1686"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1462399406010581"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000058845"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1998.58.335"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2000)086[0736:ROTCAC]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360050021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.9.5139-5145.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2015.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2013.51.1.133"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","unstructured":"Vaughan\u2010ScottT.Serum concentrations of tumour necrosis factor in dogs naturally infected with Babesia canis and its relation to disease severity. 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