{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T13:20:15Z","timestamp":1776432015189,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,20]],"date-time":"2020-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"University Grants Commission"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology , Ministry of Science and Technology"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001332","name":"CSIR","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001332","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), caused by <jats:italic>Leishmania donovani<\/jats:italic> in India, is fatal if untreated, having serious concern of limited chemotherapeutic options. In this study, we evaluated antileishmanial efficacy of purified chlorogenic acid (CGA) against promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes infected into RAW264.7 macrophages.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chlorogenic acid was effective both on promastigotes (IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\u00a0=\u00a078.394\u00a0\u00b5mol\/L, i.e. 27.75\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL) and intracellular amastigotes (ED<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\u00a0=\u00a026.752\u00a0\u00b5mol\/L, i.e. 9.47\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL). In promastigotes, significant retardation in mitotic growth was caused both by cell\u2010death and reduction of metabolic activity, evidenced by propidium\u2010iodide uptake and MTT assay, respectively. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that retardation of mitotic growth was due to cell\u2010cycle arrest at G1\/S checkpoint. Complete clearance of amastigotes from infected RAW264.7 cells, assessed by microscopic counting, was achieved with 60\u00a0\u00b5mol\/L (21.24\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL) CGA for 24\u00a0hours, with negligible toxicity to host macrophages. This parasite clearing efficacy was comparable to 1.0\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL (1.082\u00a0\u00b5mol\/L) Amphotericin B, and 20\u00a0\u00b5mol\/L Miltefosine, two standard antileishmanial drugs. Cytokine\u2010ELISA revealed that elevated IL\u201010 production by infected macrophages was reduced after parasite clearance. Consequently, IL\u201012, TNF and NO (assayed by Griess test) production by macrophages were significantly increased after successful resolution of infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chlorogenic acid might emerge as a potential antileishmanial drug.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,5]],"date-time":"2020-04-05T12:25:13Z","timestamp":1586089513000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Chlorogenic acid acts upon <i>Leishmania donovani<\/i> arresting cell cycle and modulating cytokines and nitric oxide in vitro"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Nilanjana","family":"Majumder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology Visva\u2010Bharati Santiniketan India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Subhrajit","family":"Ganguly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology Visva\u2010Bharati Santiniketan India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arijit Kumar","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology Visva\u2010Bharati Santiniketan India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shreetoma","family":"Kundu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology Visva\u2010Bharati Santiniketan India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6687-4622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antara","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology Bangabasi College Kolkata India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3751-6150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samiran","family":"Saha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology Visva\u2010Bharati Santiniketan India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Control of the leishmaniasis: report of a meeting of the WHO Expert Committee on the Control of Leishmaniases Geneva 22\u201326 March 2010. 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