{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:19:42Z","timestamp":1787015982544,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,15]],"date-time":"2020-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by parasites belonging to genus\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n                      .) is classified as a category I disease by the TDR\/WHO. The understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease was built from the findings of available experimental models. Among all available models, the Syrian hamster (\n                      <jats:italic>Mesocricetus auratus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) is the most suitable model for the experimental representation of VL. In this review, we have focused on the opportunities and challenges of using the hamster as an experimental model for visceral leishmaniasis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The studies referenced in this review were based on searches in PubMed and Google Scholar without a specific timeline. We collected study results underlining the clinicopathological response, immunopathogenesis and factors determining the outcome of VL in hamsters. Particular emphasis was given in the context of developing new therapeutics and testing potential candidates for vaccine development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among all animal models,\n                      <jats:italic>M. auratus<\/jats:italic>\n                      is undoubtedly a better animal model for immunopathogenesis, drug discovery and vaccine development studies of VL infection. But, further optimization of this animal model is required to mimic human VL completely.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12768","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,28]],"date-time":"2020-06-28T11:49:22Z","timestamp":1593344962000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Hamster, a close model for visceral leishmaniasis: Opportunities and challenges"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6229-4487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheetal","family":"Saini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad  Praygraj India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6564-6342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ambak K.","family":"Rai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad  Praygraj India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000680"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/154.4.639"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.8.4709-4718.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2004.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90429-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(03)90101-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1748"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","first-page":"696","volume-title":"Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat","author":"Baneth G","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","first-page":"1095","volume-title":"Tropical Infectious Diseases","author":"Jeronimo SMB","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-3085.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1602.090623"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","first-page":"259","article-title":"Do the rodents have a role in transmission of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Turkey?","volume":"52","author":"\u00d6zbilgin A","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mikrobiyoloji B\u00fclteni"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.33.2.498-500.1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112209"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.156.6.2231","article-title":"Local suppression of IFN\u2010gamma in hepatic granulomas correlates with tissue\u2010specific replication of Leishmania chagasi","volume":"156","author":"Wilson ME","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3813","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.158.8.3813","article-title":"Destruction of follicular dendritic cells during chronic visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"158","author":"Smelt SC","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018873"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047907"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0082947"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.70.618"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46574-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","unstructured":"National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) KALA\u2010AZAR. 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