{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T02:55:05Z","timestamp":1772160905028,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]],"date-time":"2020-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Given the involvement of IL\u20109 in the immune responses to parasitic infections, we aimed to determine alterations in the levels of IL\u20109+CD4+\u00a0T cells and the cytokines influencing their differentiations and functions following treatment in paediatric visceral leishmaniasis (VL).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eighteen VL and 20 healthy children were included. The levels of IL\u20109+CD4+\u00a0T cells and cytokines influencing their differentiations and functions were measured in the blood and PBMC culture supernatant at the onset of diagnosis and 1 and 2\u00a0weeks and 2\u00a0months after treatment, using flow cytometer. IL\u20109+CD4+\u00a0T cells, IL\u20102 and TNF\u2010\u03b1 were significantly higher in the blood of VL patients than those in the controls; however, following treatment, IL\u20109+CD4+\u00a0T cells down\u2010regulated and IL\u201033 and IFN\u2010\u03b3 significantly up\u2010regulated. After ex vivo stimulation, although the released cytokines were not significantly different between the study groups, the levels of IL\u20102, IL\u20109 and IFN\u2010\u03b3 significantly decreased.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The higher frequency of IL\u20109+CD4+\u00a0T cells and its decline following treatment implies their roles in the immunopathogenesis of VL; however, at the diagnosis onset, lower levels of serum IL\u20109 and its higher level in the culture supernatant may confer in vivo dysfunction of IL\u20109+CD4+\u00a0T cells in the acute phase of human VL.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12787","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]],"date-time":"2020-08-27T16:01:24Z","timestamp":1598544084000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Treatment effects on IL\u20109+CD4+\u00a0T cells and the cytokines influencing IL\u20109 production in paediatric visceral leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5791-5012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Moravej","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology Fasa University of Medical Sciences  Fasa Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maral","family":"Choopanizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences  Shiraz Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7106-3258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bahman","family":"Pourabbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences  Shiraz Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8676-4607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gholamreza","family":"Pouladfar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences  Shiraz Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7091-6466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehdi","family":"Kalani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences  Shiraz Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1659"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1000356"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1402"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2010.53"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2010.73"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2012.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-018-0494-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004317"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3824"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1200808"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12807"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.12.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","first-page":"4704","article-title":"Involvement of T\u2010helper 9 activation in a mouse model of allergic rhinitis","volume":"24","author":"Jiang X","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit Int Med J Exp Clin Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2017.08.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2004.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","first-page":"99","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis; literature review and Iranian experience","volume":"2","author":"Alborzi AAV","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Report of the Informal meeting on the Chemotherapy of Visceral Leishmaniasis. 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