{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T20:31:00Z","timestamp":1776025860813,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a serious public health problem. The factors that can determine whether VL develops and progresses to severe form have not been fully identified, but a specific cellular immune response appears to play a key role. Therefore, understanding immunopathogenesis can be useful in preventing a serious clinical outcome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Bone marrow samples were collected from patients with severe VL (SVL) or non\u2010severe VL (NSVL). Cytokine levels and parasitic load were analysed by RT\u2010qPCR. There is a statistically significant difference in the leukocyte parameter in patients with SVL and NSVL compared with the control patients (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0.006 and\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0.014, respectively).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Urea, alanine transaminase and albumin parameters had a significant difference\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0.036,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0.039 and\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0.017, respectively, between SVL and NSVL. Although high levels of IFN\u2010\u03b3, IL\u201010, IL\u20106 and TNF\u2010\u03b1 were present in all groups of individuals with VL, they were not statistically associated with severity. In patients with active VL, IFN\u2010\u03b3 and IL\u201010 were associated, respectively, with a reduction and increase in the parasite load, strong and significant positive association between IFN\u2010\u03b3 and IL\u201010 (rho\u00a0=\u00a0.627 and\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0.003).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrates that VL stimulates an non\u2010dichotomized inflammatory response between Th1\/Th2 and that bone marrow is an important tissue for immune regulation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12880","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]],"date-time":"2021-09-24T05:11:30Z","timestamp":1632460290000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Evaluation of medullary cytokine expression and clinical and laboratory aspects in severe human visceral leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1902-3208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leandro de Freitas","family":"Teles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Pesquisa em Doen\u00e7as Infecciosas. Hospital Universit\u00e1rio Clemente de Faria Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros\u2010MG Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5184-6132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agostinho Gon\u00e7alves","family":"Viana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Parasitologia Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais\u2010MG Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4351-5835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana Santos","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Parasitologia Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais\u2010MG Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8343-8344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme Rafael Gomide","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola de Veterin\u00e1ria Departamento de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria Preventiva Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais\u2010MG Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2172-3788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele Ariadine","family":"Bento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Parasitologia Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais\u2010MG Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4097-4435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamille Fernandes","family":"Lula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Pesquisa em Doen\u00e7as Infecciosas. 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