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However, the majority of model helminth infections focus on single species infections leading to a lack of understanding of how co\u2010infection influences anti\u2010parasite immune responses. Here, we use a model co\u2010infection of\n                    <jats:italic>Trichuris muris<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>Tm<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and\n                    <jats:italic>Heligmosomoides bakeri<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>Hb<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) to investigate the effect of\n                    <jats:italic>Hb<\/jats:italic>\n                    on anti\u2010\n                    <jats:italic>Tm<\/jats:italic>\n                    immune responses. We observed a complete impairment of\n                    <jats:italic>Tm<\/jats:italic>\n                    expulsion in immune competent C57BL\/6 mice when co\u2010infected with\n                    <jats:italic>Hb<\/jats:italic>\n                    . This was coupled with reduced cellularity in the colonic mesenteric lymph node (cMLN) proximal to the caecum, however, cMLN cytokine responses and caecal mucosal immune responses in co\u2010infected mice were not significantly different from mice infected with\n                    <jats:italic>Tm<\/jats:italic>\n                    alone. Interestingly, in immune\u2010compromised mice, we found co\u2010infection resulted in enhanced growth and fecundity of female\n                    <jats:italic>Tm<\/jats:italic>\n                    parasites. These data suggest that during helminth\u2010helminth co\u2010infection, immune\u2010independent signals between species may promote survival and growth.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12936","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]],"date-time":"2022-05-19T03:41:57Z","timestamp":1652931717000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["<scp>\n                      Anti\u2010\n                      <i>Trichuris<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    mucosal responses are maintained during\n                    <i>H. bakeri<\/i>\n                    co\u2010infection despite impaired parasite expulsion"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3346-3437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano A. P.","family":"Colombo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester  Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2985-0108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seona","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester  Manchester UK"},{"name":"Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester  Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allison J.","family":"Bancroft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester  Manchester UK"},{"name":"Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester  Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7592-0085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard K.","family":"Grencis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester  Manchester UK"},{"name":"Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester  Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-37"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002865"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","article-title":"Immunity to soil\u2010transmitted helminths: evidence from the field and laboratory models","volume":"11","author":"Colombo SAP","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12188"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","first-page":"180","article-title":"Soil\u2010transmitted helminthiasis in Selangor, Malaysia","volume":"37","author":"Kan SP","year":"1982","journal-title":"Med J Malaysia"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003074"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000352"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","first-page":"157","article-title":"Epidemiology of single and multiple species of helminth infections among school children in Busia District, Kenya","volume":"77","author":"Brooker S","year":"2000","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000048332"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(78)90162-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12618"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01236-07"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2011.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182021000883"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.10.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2007.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(04)57004-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3010"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","first-page":"508","article-title":"Cellular immune responses to the murine nematode parasite Trichuris muris. 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