{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T15:48:32Z","timestamp":1789573712327,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]],"date-time":"2023-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Helminths are metazoan parasites affecting about one third of the worldwide population. Chronic helminth infections (CHIs) confer immunological tolerance to harmless and self\u2010antigens mediated by regulatory T cells (Treg) that are up\u2010regulated. In coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID\u201019), abnormal adaptive immune response and unrestrained innate immune response could result in local and systemic immune\u2010mediated tissue damage. COVID\u201019 and CHIs establish complicated immune interactions due to SARS\u2010CoV\u20102\u2010induced immunological stimulation and CHIs\u2010induced immunological tolerance. However, COVID\u201019 severity in patients with CHIs is mild, as immuno\u2010suppressive anti\u2010inflammatory cytokines counterbalance the risk of cytokine storm. Here, an overview of the interplay between helminths and COVID\u201019 severity is given. CHIs through helminth\u2010derived molecules may suppress SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 entry and associated hyperinflammation through attenuation of the TLR4\/NF\u2010kB signalling pathway. In addition, CHIs may reduce the COVID\u201019 severity by reducing the SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 entry points at ACE2\/DPP4\/CD147 axis in the initial phase and immunomodulation in the late phase of the disease by suppressing TLR4\/NF\u2010kB signalling pathway.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12982","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]],"date-time":"2023-04-11T04:25:22Z","timestamp":1681187122000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Immunological interactions in\n                    <scp>helminths\u2010SARS CoV<\/scp>\n                    \u20102 coinfection: Could old enemy be a friend today?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Alrouji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University  Shaqra Saudi 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