{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]],"date-time":"2026-02-22T03:52:17Z","timestamp":1771732337847,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022299","name":"School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11331"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11331"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022299","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Inducing long\u2010term immunity is the primary goal of vaccination. Leishmanisation using non\u2010pathogenic to human <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> spp. could be considered a reliable approach to immunising subjects against <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> infection. Here, we evaluated the long\u2010term immune responses (14\u2009weeks) after immunisation with either live\u2010 or killed\u2010Iranian Lizard Leishmania (ILL) mixed with chitin microparticles (CMPs) against <jats:italic>L. major<\/jats:italic> infection in BALB\/c mice. In total, nine groups of mice were included in the study. To evaluate short\u2010term immunity, mice were immunised with live\u2010ILL and CMPs and 3\u2009weeks later were challenged with <jats:italic>L. major<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>EGFP<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup>. To evaluate the long\u2010term immunity, mice were immunised with either live\u2010 or killed\u2010ILL both mixed with CMPs, and 14\u2009weeks after immunisation, mice were challenged with <jats:italic>L. major<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>EGFP<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup>. A group of healthy mice who received no injection was also included in the study. Eight weeks after the challenge with <jats:italic>L. major<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>EGFP<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup>, all subjects were sacrificed and the parasite burden (quantitative real\u2010time PCR and in vivo imaging), cytokines levels (IFN\u2010\u03b3, IL\u20104 and IL\u201010), <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\u2010specific antibody concentration, and total levels of IgG1 and IgG2a were measured. In addition, nitric oxide concentration and arginase activity were evaluated. Results showed that in mice that were immunised using live\u2010ILL+CMP, the induced protective immune response lasted at least 14\u2009weeks; since they were challenged with <jats:italic>L. major<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>EGFP<\/jats:sup> at the 14<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>\u2010week post\u2010immunisation, no open lesion was formed during the 8\u2010week follow\u2010up, and the footpad swelling was significantly lower than controls. They also showed a significant reduction in the parasite burden in splenocytes, compared to the control groups including the group that received killed\u2010ILL+CMP. The observed protection was associated with a higher IFN\u2010\u03b3 and a lower IL\u201010 production by splenocytes. Additionally, the results demonstrated that arginase activity was decreased in the ILL+CMP group compared to other groups. Immunisation with ILL alone reduced the parasite burden compared to non\u2010immunised control; however, it was still significantly higher than the parasite burden in the ILL+CMP groups. In conclusion, the long\u2010term immune response against <jats:italic>L. major<\/jats:italic> infection induced by Live\u2010ILL+CMP was more competent than the response elicited by killed\u2010ILL+CMP to protect mice against infection with <jats:italic>L. major<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>EGFP<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.13018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]],"date-time":"2023-11-22T19:13:18Z","timestamp":1700680398000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Comparison of the long\u2010term and short\u2010term protection in mouse model of <i>Leishmania major<\/i> infection following vaccination with <i>Live Iranian Lizard Leishmania<\/i> mixed with chitin microparticles"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5825-7122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mina","family":"Noroozbeygi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nafiseh","family":"Keshavarzian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mostafa","family":"Haji Molla Hoseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sepideh","family":"Haghdoust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5128-1840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farshid","family":"Yeganeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182018000471"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Status of Endemicity of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Worldwide 2020. 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