{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T12:28:39Z","timestamp":1785241719045,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]],"date-time":"2024-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In previous studies, the inhibitory effect of chloroquine on NLRP3 inflammasome and heme production was documented. This may be employed as a double\u2010bladed sword in schistosomiasis (anti\u2010inflammatory and parasiticidal). In this study, chloroquine's impact on schistosomiasis mansoni was investigated. The parasitic load (worm\/egg counts and reproductive capacity index [RCI]), i\u2010Nos\/Arg\u20101 expression, splenomegaly, hepatic insult and NLRP3\u2010immunohistochemical expression were assessed in infected mice after receiving early and late repeated doses of chloroquine alone or dually with praziquantel. By early treatment, the least RCI was reported in dually treated mice (41.48\u2009\u00b1\u200928.58) with a significant reduction in worm\/egg counts (3.50\u2009\u00b1\u20091.29\/2550\u2009\u00b1\u2009479.58), compared with either drug alone. A marked reduction in the splenic index was achieved by prolonged chloroquine administration (alone: 43.15\u2009\u00b1\u20095.67, dually: 36.03\u2009\u00b1\u20095.27), with significantly less fibrosis (15\u2009\u00b1\u20093.37, 14.25\u2009\u00b1\u20092.22) than after praziquantel alone (20.5\u2009\u00b1\u20092.65). Regarding inflammation, despite the praziquantel\u2010induced significant decrease in NLRP3 expression, the inhibitory effect was marked after dual and chloroquine administration (liver: 3.13\u2009\u00b1\u20091.21\/3.45\u2009\u00b1\u20091.23, spleen: 5.7\u2009\u00b1\u20091.6\/4.63\u2009\u00b1\u20092.41). i\u2010Nos RNA peaked with early\/late chloroquine administration (liver: 68.53\u2009\u00b1\u20091.8\/57.78\u2009\u00b1\u20097.14, spleen: 63.22\u2009\u00b1\u20092.06\/62.5\u2009\u00b1\u20093.05). High i\u2010Nos echoed with a parasiticidal and hepatoprotective effect and may indicate macrophage\u20101 polarisation. On the flip side, the chloroquine\u2010induced low Arg\u20101 seemed to abate immune tolerance and probably macrophage\u20102 polarisation. Collectively, chloroquine synergised the praziquantel\u2010schistosomicidal effect and minimised tissue inflammation, splenomegaly and hepatic fibrosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.13030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]],"date-time":"2024-03-18T11:34:56Z","timestamp":1710761696000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Potential\n                    <scp>i\u2010Nos<\/scp>\n                    \/\n                    <scp>Arg<\/scp>\n                    \u20101 Switch with\n                    <scp>NLRP3<\/scp>\n                    and Parasitic Load Down Regulation in Experimental\n                    <i>Schistosoma mansoni<\/i>\n                    Infection via Chloroquine Repurposing"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5972-5773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marwa A.","family":"Hasby\u00a0Saad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine Tanta University  Tanta Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esraa G.","family":"El\u2010Saadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine Tanta University  Tanta Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dareen A.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine Tanta University  Tanta Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona M.","family":"Watany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine Tanta University  Tanta Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed M.","family":"Eid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine Tanta University  Tanta Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(13)61949\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473\u20103099(21)00090\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00701\u201012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00005\u201017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.02.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110353"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577\u2010019\u20100165\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00732\u201019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0169\u20104758(99)01601\u20104"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","first-page":"105","article-title":"Artemisinins for Schistosomiasis and Beyond","volume":"8","author":"Utzinger J.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0001\u2010706x(02)00009\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/qco.0b013e3282f19ec4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000350"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kei282"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","first-page":"2335","article-title":"Chloroquine Attenuates LPS\u2010Mediated Macrophage Activation Through miR\u2010669n\u2010Regulated SENP6 Protein Translation","volume":"15","author":"Long Y.","year":"2015","journal-title":"American Journal of Translational Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1753425919840424"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2015.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6543237"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201141869"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00614"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01708"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fitd.2022.933097"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","first-page":"132","article-title":"Infection of Mice With Cercariae, Schistosomula of S. mansoni by Intravenous and Subcutaneous Routes","volume":"16","author":"Holland J. 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