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ApoE also has documented immunomodulatory functions. We investigated gene expression in circulating monocytes and in bone marrows of patients with visceral leishmaniasis (VL) living in an endemic area in Bihar, India, and contrasted these with control healthy subjects or other diagnostic bone marrows from individuals in the same region. Samples from VL patients were obtained prior to initiating treatment. Our study revealed significant upregulated expression of the <jats:italic>apoE<\/jats:italic> transcript in patients with VL. Furthermore, the levels of ApoE protein were elevated in serum samples of subjects with VL compared with healthy endemic controls. These observations may provide clues regarding the complex interactions between lipid metabolism and immunoregulation of infectious and inflammatory diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.13036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T05:24:35Z","timestamp":1715232275000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Apolipoprotein E Is Upregulated in Blood and Circulating Monocytes of Indian Patients With Visceral Leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Gulafsha","family":"Kausar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University  Varanasi India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3268-852X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shashi\u00a0B.","family":"Chauhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University  Varanasi India"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology &amp; Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences The George Washington University  Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ritirupa","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University  Varanasi India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shashi","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University  Varanasi India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Engwerda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute  Herston Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Nylen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rajiv","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Experimental Medicine &amp; Surgery Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University  Varanasi India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8680-7275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary\u00a0E.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine University of Iowa  Iowa City Iowa USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology &amp; Immunology University of Iowa  Iowa City Iowa USA"},{"name":"Veterans' Affairs Medical Center  Iowa City Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9988-582X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shyam","family":"Sundar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University  Varanasi India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"1431","volume-title":"Maxcy\u2010Rosenau\u2010Last Public Health and Preventive Medicine","author":"Valadares D. 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