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The disease is usually mild or asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, but dormant tissue cysts survive especially in the brain for the host lifespan, known as latent toxoplasmosis (LT). Recent studies suggest that LT can have certain neurological, immunological psychological and behavioural effects on human including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, Alzheimer's disease, depression, suicide anxiety and sleeping disorders. LT effects are controversial, and their exact mechanisms of action is not yet fully understood. This review aims to provide an overview of the potential effects, their basic mechanisms including alteration of neurotransmitter levels, immune activation in the central nervous system and induction of oxidative stress. Additionally, beneficial effects of LT, and an explanation of the effects within the framework of manipulation hypothesis, and finally, the challenges and limitations of the current research are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.13060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T00:58:51Z","timestamp":1722214731000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A Review of Immunological and Neuropsychobehavioral Effects of Latent Toxoplasmosis on Humans"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Kazemi\u00a0Arababadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center , Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences  Rafsanjan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyyed\u00a0Hossein","family":"Abdollahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Medicine Research Center , Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences  Rafsanjan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahnaz","family":"Ramezani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center , Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences  Rafsanjan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6821-6412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Zare\u2010Bidaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center , Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences  Rafsanjan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44197-024-00258-w"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Latent Toxoplasmosis and Human","volume":"7","author":"Dalimi A.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Parasitology"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","first-page":"303","volume-title":"Microorganisms and Mental Health","author":"Xiao J.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53490-3.00008-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090203"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","article-title":"Molecular and Serological Detection of Acute and Latent Toxoplasmosis Using Real\u2010Time PCR and ELISA Techniques in Blood Donors of Rafsanjan City, Iran, 2013","volume":"9","author":"Zainodini N.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Parasitology"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-024-01667-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12040543"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-023-08073-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-022-01575-x"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","first-page":"898","article-title":"Global Status of Toxoplasma gondii Infection: Systematic Review and Prevalence Snapshots","volume":"36","author":"Molan A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tropical Biomedicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.12.111732"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","first-page":"3536","article-title":"A Decreasing Trend in Toxoplasma gondii Seroprevalence Among Pregnant Women in Romania\u2014Results of a Large Scale Study","volume":"20","author":"Motoi S.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.405"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69078-9"},{"issue":"176","key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis Epidemiology in Iran: A Systematic Review","volume":"30","author":"Mostafavi S. 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