{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T18:20:24Z","timestamp":1789755624999,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]],"date-time":"2024-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020171","name":"Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Vaccine efficacy varies globally, often showing reduced immune responses in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries, possibly due to the immunomodulatory effects of parasitic infections like malaria. This systematic review evaluates the impact of malaria on immune responses to unrelated vaccines in humans and animals. We systematically searched five databases\u2014MEDLINE, Web of Science, Global Health, Scopus and Embase\u2014up to 5th December 2023. Eligible studies compared immune responses to WHO\u2010approved vaccines between malaria\u2010infected and uninfected groups, or between antimalarial\u2010treated and untreated groups. Meta\u2010analysis was performed using random\u2010effects models with standardised mean differences (SMDs) as summary statistics. The study is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022298053). Twenty\u2010four articles (17\u00a0human, 7 animal) met the inclusion criteria, with 13 human articles contributing data for the meta\u2010analysis. Significant heterogeneity was observed. Vaccine responses were higher in malaria uninfected individuals (SMD 0.34, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.60,\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u200987.15%) with weaker differences between antimalarial\u2010treated and untreated groups (SMD 0.07, 95% CI \u22120.01 to 0.16,\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u200985.01%). The overall SMD for malaria uninfected\/treated vs. infected\/untreated was 0.15, 95% CI 0.05\u20130.26,\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u200990.91. Narrative analysis suggested malaria's adverse impact on vaccine responses in animals. Malaria infection may impair vaccines responses; with preventive treatment of malaria partially reversing these effects, highlighting the need for targeted public health interventions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.13067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]],"date-time":"2024-10-23T04:09:52Z","timestamp":1729656592000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["The Effect of Malaria on Responses to Unrelated Vaccines in Animals and Humans: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Ludoviko","family":"Zirimenya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunomodulation and Vaccines Focus Area, Vaccine Research Theme Medical Research Council\/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC\/UVRI and LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit  Entebbe Uganda"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Research London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnes","family":"Natukunda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunomodulation and Vaccines Focus Area, Vaccine Research Theme Medical Research Council\/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC\/UVRI and LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit  Entebbe Uganda"},{"name":"International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacent","family":"Nassuuna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunomodulation and Vaccines Focus Area, Vaccine Research Theme Medical Research Council\/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC\/UVRI and LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit  Entebbe Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joyce","family":"Kabagenyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Infection and Immunity University of Glasgow  Glasgow Scotland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4062-9105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gyaviira","family":"Nkurunungi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunomodulation and Vaccines Focus Area, Vaccine Research Theme Medical Research Council\/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC\/UVRI and LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit  Entebbe Uganda"},{"name":"Department of Infection Biology London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison M.","family":"Elliott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunomodulation and Vaccines Focus Area, Vaccine Research Theme Medical Research Council\/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC\/UVRI and LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit  Entebbe Uganda"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Research London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily L.","family":"Webb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"Immunization Agenda 2030: A Global Strategy to Leave No One Behind","author":"WHO","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-023-00941-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)92348-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.04.080"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.10.16"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","volume-title":"World Malaria Report 2023","author":"WHO","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-135"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3427"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","first-page":"143","volume-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 64: (updated August 2023): Cochrane","author":"Higgins J. 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