{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T02:42:08Z","timestamp":1788576128639,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]],"date-time":"2024-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease spread by the bite of an infected sandfly and caused by protozoan parasites of the genus\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Currently, there is no vaccine available for leishmaniasis in humans, and the existing chemotherapy methods face various clinical challenges. The majority of drugs are limited to a few toxic compounds, with some parasite strains developing resistance. Therefore, the discovery and development of a new anti\u2010leishmanial compound is crucial. One promising strategy involves the use of nanoparticle delivery systems to accelerate the effectiveness of existing treatments. In this study, Amphotericin B (AmB) was incorporated into functionalized carbon nanotube (f\u2010CNT) and evaluated for its efficacy against\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania major<\/jats:italic>\n                    in vitro and in a BALB\/c mice model. The increase in footpad thickness was measured, and real\u2010time PCR was used to quantify the parasite load post\u2010infection. Levels of nitric oxide and cytokines IL\u20104 and IFN\u2010\u03b3 were also determined. We found that f\u2010CNT\u2010AmB significantly reduced the levels of promastigotes and amastigotes of the\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    parasite. The nanoparticle showed strong anti\u2010leishmanial activity with an\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      IC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    of 0.00494\u2009\u00b1\u20090.00095\u2009mg\/mL for promastigotes and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      EC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    of 0.00294\u2009\u00b1\u20090.00065\u2009mg\/mL for amastigotes at 72\u2009h post\u2010infection, without causing harm to mice macrophages. Treatment of infected BALB\/c mice with f\u2010CNT\u2010AmB resulted in a significant decrease in cutaneous leishmania (CL) lesion size in the foot pad, as well as reduced\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    burden in both lymph nodes and spleen. The levels of nitric oxide and IFN\u2010\u03b3 significantly increased in the f\u2010CNT\u2010AmB treated groups. Also, our results showed that the level of IL\u20104 significantly decreased after f\u2010CNT\u2010AmB treatment in comparison to other groups. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that AmB loaded into f\u2010CNT is significantly more effective than AmB alone in inhibiting parasite propagation and promoting a shift towards a Th1 response.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.13068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]],"date-time":"2024-10-04T02:39:56Z","timestamp":1728009596000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Effects of Amphotericin B\u2010Conjugated Functionalized Carbon Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6954-7942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam","family":"Heidari\u2010Kharaji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"},{"name":"Skin and Stem Cell Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suisha Suruwb","family":"Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Montreal  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robinson Pavene","family":"Puneiad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2019.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/2211352517666190123113843"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization First WHO Report on Neglected Tropical Diseases: Working to Overcome the Global Impact of Neglected Tropical Diseases\u2009(WHO \u20092010) 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