{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T05:17:56Z","timestamp":1778131076829,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008257","name":"Tarbiat Modares University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008257","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Leishmaniasis is considered one of the most critical health concerns in the world. Unfortunately, no protective vaccines exist and conventional treatments are relatively ineffective. Therefore, new strategies are necessary against leishmaniasis. In recent years, exosomes have shown promising therapeutic outcomes in various diseases, including infectious diseases. In this regard, we aimed to explore the effect of the exosome, pyrimethamine and their combination on the anti\u2010parasitic function of RAW264.7 cells against\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania major<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Exosomes were isolated from the C57BL\/6 peritoneal macrophages.\n                    <jats:italic>L. major<\/jats:italic>\n                    infected and non\u2010infected RAW264.7 cells treated with exosomes, pyrimethamine (PM), and exosomes along with PM. The effect of the treatments was analysed on phagocytosis, efferocytosis, the intracellular parasite count, arginase activity, nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Exosomes could significantly elevate the phagocytosis, efferocytosis, NO and ROS in both infected and non\u2010infected groups (Pv\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The exosomes reduced the arginase activity in both groups (Pv\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The intracellular parasite count was significantly lower after treatment with exosomes (Pv\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). These results demonstrate that MQ\u2010derived exosomes can enhance in vitro anti\u2010parasitic responses against\n                    <jats:italic>L. major<\/jats:italic>\n                    . This provides a potential pathway for more effective treatments and underscores the importance of further research in this area.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.13069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T09:09:58Z","timestamp":1728983398000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["<scp>C57BL\/6<\/scp>\n                    Peritoneal Macrophage Exosomes Improve Antileishmanial Functions of the\n                    <scp>RAW264.7<\/scp>\n                    Cells"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0915-7168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hadis","family":"Gandomkar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Factually of Medical Sciences Tarbiat Modares University  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mostafa","family":"Changaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Factually of Medical Sciences Tarbiat Modares University  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mir Mohammadreza","family":"Hosseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, School of Medicine Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Soudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Factually of Medical Sciences Tarbiat Modares University  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4078-110X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad Zavaran","family":"Hosseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Factually of Medical Sciences Tarbiat Modares University  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","first-page":"e30586","article-title":"Clinical Diagnosis and Management of Mucosal Leishmaniasis in the Context of a Global Pandemic: A Case Report","volume":"14","author":"Carotenuto 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