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Macrophages are host cells for parasite replication and act as effector cells against the parasite. The two main macrophage phenotypes (M1 and M2) and their polarisation states have been implicated in\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection despite scarce data on\n                    <jats:italic>L.<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>V.<\/jats:italic>\n                    )\n                    <jats:italic>braziliensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . In this study, we investigated the temporal and spatial distribution and predominance of M1 and M2 macrophages during\n                    <jats:italic>L.<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>V.<\/jats:italic>\n                    )\n                    <jats:italic>braziliensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection in Balb\/c mice. Animals were infected with\n                    <jats:italic>L.<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>V.<\/jats:italic>\n                    )\n                    <jats:italic>braziliensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    promastigotes and were monitored for 25\u2009weeks. Histopathological evaluation of footpad lesions, regional lymph nodes, and spleen; cellularity; and macrophage population quantification of M1, and M2 macrophages by flow cytometry were performed in different tissues. The results showed that after infection with either strain of\n                    <jats:italic>L.<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>V.<\/jats:italic>\n                    )\n                    <jats:italic>braziliensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    the lesions were small and non\u2010ulcerated. The dissemination of parasites to tissues reinforced the characteristic visualisation of dermotropic\n                    <jats:italic>L.<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>V.<\/jats:italic>\n                    )\n                    <jats:italic>braziliensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The proportion of M2 macrophages in different tissues was significantly higher than that of M1 macrophages. Overall, the results reported here confirm that\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    an intracellular parasite, promotes and influences macrophage phenotype polarisation in different tissues over time, and researchers testing therapies based on macrophage phenotype regulation should consider this evidence.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.70001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T05:10:46Z","timestamp":1736745046000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Macrophage Polarisation During\n                    <i>Leishmania<\/i>\n                    (\n                    <i>Viannia<\/i>\n                    )\n                    <i>braziliensis<\/i>\n                    Infection in Mice"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Marina","family":"Floro e Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP)  Campinas Brazil"},{"name":"Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica, Evolu\u00e7\u00e3o, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP)  Campinas Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guilherme Augusto Sanches","family":"Roque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP)  Campinas Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lilian","family":"de Oliveira Coser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia estrutural e funcional, Instituto de Biologia Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP)  Campinas Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Genesy P\u00e9rez","family":"Jorge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica, Evolu\u00e7\u00e3o, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP)  Campinas Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandre Leite Rodrigues","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia estrutural e funcional, Instituto de Biologia Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP)  Campinas Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisca Jana\u00edna Soares","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Tropical, Centro de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dica Universidade Federal de Pernambuco  Recife 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