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The parasite colonises the reproductive tracts of both male and female cattle, being asymptomatic in males but causing early reproductive failure in infected females. This systematic review aimed to examine research manuscripts describing the development of\n                    <jats:italic>T. foetus<\/jats:italic>\n                    vaccines, the strategies employed, and the immune response associated with\n                    <jats:italic>T. foetus<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection. A systematic review was conducted using indexed sources on Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase to search for published vaccine development studies in English utilising either experimental or commercial\n                    <jats:italic>T. foetus<\/jats:italic>\n                    vaccines for bovine trichomonosis. Search terms (cattle, bull, heifer, vaccine, immune response, and\n                    <jats:italic>Tritrichomonas foetus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) were entered into the indexed sources and with no limit was set for the year of publication. Among 374 studies imported for screening, 96 were duplicates, and 255 were excluded for irrelevancy as these studies did not meet the inclusion criteria (report original data, vaccine tests in cattle, and used either commercial or experimental vaccines that incorporated antigens from\n                    <jats:italic>T. foetus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). A further five studies were excluded after full\u2010text review as either the publication described a different target pathogen or the full text was not in English. Eighteen studies met the inclusion criteria and were subjected to data extraction using the Covidence platform. Studies included in the systematic review reported three vaccine strategies, including subunit, cell fraction, and whole\u2010cell killed vaccines. This review considers the design, rationale, and results of each of the 18 studies to provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge and to inform future research agendas. While whole\u2010cell killed vaccines are most prevalent, they have shown superior efficacy compared to subunit vaccines studied to date. One study using a purified fractions of\n                    <jats:italic>T. foetus<\/jats:italic>\n                    cell membranes as vaccine demonstrated higher efficacy and higher calving rates compared to the whole\u2010cell killed vaccine. All of these methods require cell culture growth of\n                    <jats:italic>T. foetus<\/jats:italic>\n                    which can be challenging compared to the production of recombinant proteins. At this stage, no\n                    <jats:italic>T. foetus<\/jats:italic>\n                    recombinant antigens have been reported. Advances in understanding the parasite's genome, pathogenesis, host\u2013parasite interactions, and host immune responses to\n                    <jats:italic>T. foetus<\/jats:italic>\n                    will provide opportunities for the development of novel vaccine strategies for bovine trichomonosis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.70003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T01:45:43Z","timestamp":1737510343000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Systematic Review of Vaccine Strategies Against\n                    <i>Tritrichomonas foetus<\/i>\n                    Infection in Cattle: Insights, Challenges, and Prospects"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6514-9565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John Harvey M.","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture &amp; Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science  St Lucia Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2453-1992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gry B.","family":"Boe\u2010Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture &amp; Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science  St Lucia Queensland Australia"},{"name":"The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science  Gatton Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2906-4385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah V.","family":"Siddle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture &amp; Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science  St Lucia Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7783-5466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loan T.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture &amp; Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science  St Lucia Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4041-2072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Raza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture &amp; Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science  St Lucia Queensland Australia"},{"name":"University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences  Frederiksberg Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0783-4748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"McGowan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science  Gatton Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9442-0222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kieren D.","family":"McCosker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture &amp; Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science  St Lucia Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7147-1078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ala E.","family":"Tabor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture &amp; Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science  St Lucia Queensland Australia"},{"name":"The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry &amp; Molecular Biosciences  St Lucia Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"771","article-title":"Impact of Trichomoniasis on the Cow\u2010Calf Producer's Profitability","volume":"194","author":"Rae D. 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