{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T02:24:10Z","timestamp":1789957450694,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Haemonchus contortus<\/jats:italic>\n                    poses a major threat to small ruminant production in subtropical regions worldwide. Unfortunately, there is growing anthelmintic resistance, and the only licensed vaccine has limitations. This paper aimsto review the use of RNA\u2010sequencing in understanding the immune responses of small ruminants to\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>H. contortus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    infection, focusing on identifying differentially expressed genes and elucidating key immune pathways associated with resistance and susceptibility. This review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta\u2010Analyses Statement guidelines and Population, Intervention, Control, and Outcome framework covering publications from January 2015 to December 2023. RNA\u2010seq identified the activation of key immune pathways, such as Th1\/Th2, NK cell, B cell receptor signalling, MAPK, CAMs, and TNF signalling. There was upregulation of a range of PRRs, including TLRs and CLECs, in the resistant sheep, suggesting a crucial role for trained innate immune cells in resistance. However, there are no direct comparisons of TLR and CLEC expression between resistant and susceptible goats. This shows that there is a gap in understanding of the immune response mechanisms in goats. Addressing these knowledge gaps will lead to the development of more effective and sustainable control strategies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.70009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T02:40:42Z","timestamp":1747276842000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["RNA\u2010Sequencing in Elucidating Immune Responses to\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Haemonchus contortus<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    Infection in Small Ruminants: Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8786-1062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bongeka Sylvia","family":"Ndaba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pretoria, Faculty of Veterinary Science Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases  Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Faber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Research Council\u2010Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Vaccine and Diagnostics Development Program  Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Munyaradzi Christopher","family":"Marufu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pretoria, Faculty of Veterinary Science Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases  Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7420-9208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alri","family":"Pretorius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pretoria, Faculty of Veterinary Science Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases  Pretoria South Africa"},{"name":"Agricultural Research Council\u2010Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Vaccine and Diagnostics Development Program  Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selaelo Ivy","family":"Tshilwane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pretoria, Faculty of Veterinary Science Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases  Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(97)00185-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.12.010"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"273","article-title":"Anthelmintic Resistance in South Africa: Surveys Indicate an Extremely Serious Situation in Sheep and Goat Farming","volume":"66","author":"Stenson M.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.08.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"Irradiated Haemochus Contortus L3 Larval Vaccine in Goats: Irradiation Dose and Protective Immune Responses","author":"Mahakapuge T.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustainable Animal Production and Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2006022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"152","article-title":"Immune Response Against Haemonchus Contortus and the Th1\u2010Th2 Paradigm in Helminth Infection","volume":"9","author":"Rodrigues G. 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