{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T16:21:09Z","timestamp":1785774069415,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Theileria orientalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , long considered a benign haemoprotozoan, is now recognised as an emerging pathogen causing clinical theileriosis in cattle across the globe. This study investigated the clinical presentation and immunopathological responses associated with natural\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>T. orientalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    infections in northern Kerala, India. Blood samples were collected from clinically suspected (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200952) and healthy cattle (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009148). Infection was confirmed via Giemsa\u2010stained blood smear examination, species\u2010specific PCR targeting the major piroplasm surface protein (MPSP) gene, and subsequent sequencing. Among clinically suspected cases, 63.5% were smear\u2010positive and PCR\u2010confirmed, while subclinical infection was identified in 46.6% of healthy cattle. Morphological analysis revealed marked polymorphism of intraerythrocytic piroplasms. Clinical signs included anaemia, pyrexia, lymphadenopathy, and systemic debilitation. To elucidate host immune responses, expression levels of key pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines (IL\u20106, IL\u20101\u03b2, TNF\u2010\u03b1) were quantified in peripheral blood mononuclear cells using SYBR Green\u2010based quantitative real\u2010time PCR. Clinically affected animals exhibited significantly elevated expression of IL\u20106 and IL\u20101\u03b2 (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), indicative of a heightened inflammatory response, whereas TNF\u2010\u03b1 expression showed a non\u2010significant downward trend. Correlation analysis revealed that parasite burden was positively associated with IL\u20106 and IL\u20101\u03b2 expression but not with TNF\u2010\u03b1, linking parasite load to the inflammatory response. The suppressed TNF\u2010\u03b1 response suggests a possible immune evasion strategy unique to\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>T. orientalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , contrasting with the elevated TNF\u2010\u03b1 typically seen in\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>T. annulata<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>T. parva<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    infections. These findings indicate that IL\u20106 and IL\u20101\u03b2 may serve as potential biomarkers of severe oriental theileriosis. These findings provide new insights into the immunopathogenesis of oriental theileriosis and suggest that cytokine dysregulation contributes to clinical disease severity. Furthermore, the high prevalence of subclinical infections underscores the role of carrier animals in sustaining transmission cycles, complicating disease control efforts in endemic regions. This study highlights the need for improved diagnostic strategies and targeted immunomodulatory interventions in managing\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>T. orientalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    infections.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.70031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T06:10:50Z","timestamp":1761804650000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cytokine Profiles in Naturally Infected Cattle Reveal Immune Responses to\n                    <i>Theileria orientalis<\/i>\n                    Infection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Vaisakhi Vikraman.","family":"Sujatha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences  Wayanad Kerala India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0945-3589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P. M.","family":"Deepa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences  Wayanad Kerala India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Rajasekhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences  Wayanad Kerala India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. L.","family":"Rathish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences  Wayanad Kerala India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Janus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences  Wayanad Kerala India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"69","article-title":"Overview of Basic Livestock Statistics in India","volume":"8","author":"Jain G.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Advances in Veterinary Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"890","article-title":"Contribution of Livestock Sector to Indian Economy","volume":"6","author":"Dash S.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Paripex\u2010Indian Journal of Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2222-1808(15)60825-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1323-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-024-08227-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-22"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03387-14"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","first-page":"269","article-title":"Theileriosis Prevalence Status in Cattle and Buffaloes in India Established by Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis","volume":"91","author":"Krishnamoorthy P.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Animal Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13030253"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2220\/biomedres.41.169"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-73"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2009.00540.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.09.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2012.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00533-16"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010308"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-013-1812-7"}],"container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/pim.70031","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T08:40:56Z","timestamp":1764319256000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/pim.70031"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/pim.70031"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pim.70031","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/PIM.70031\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/PIM.70031\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/PIM.70031\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0141-9838","1365-3024"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0141-9838","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-3024","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-22","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70031"}}