{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T13:02:10Z","timestamp":1773061330105,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    As an effort towards vaccine development against African trypanosomiasis, we studied key parasite molecules that mediate VSG functions, specifically the major surface protease\u2010B of\n                    <jats:italic>Trypanosoma brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                    that catalyses proteolytic removal of old VSGs for expression of new ones, an important stage\u2010specific function that allows the parasite to survive in its host, thus making it an attractive candidate for vaccine development. Herein, the\n                    <jats:italic>Tbmsp\u2010b<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene was cloned into a\n                    <jats:italic>pVAX\u20101<\/jats:italic>\n                    plasmid to produce the\n                    <jats:italic>pVAX\u20101\u2010Tbmsp\u2010b<\/jats:italic>\n                    construct for DNA vaccine trials. BALB\/c mice were immunised by intradermal injection with a 100\u2009\u03bcg dose of the construct thrice on Days 0, 21 and 42, then inoculated with 2000 parasites on Day 56. Anti\u2010trypanosome\u2010specific antibody (IgG) and cytokine (IFN\u2010\u03b3) were monitored by ELISA from sera of immunised and unimmunised mice. Immunised mice showed significantly (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) higher IgG and IFN\u2010\u03b3 responses, lower parasitaemia (by 75% and 51.2% of parasitaemic scores on the first and fifth week of infection) and longevity by up to 22\u2009days compared to unimmunised mice. These results showed that the construct provided partial protection to virulent\n                    <jats:italic>T. b. brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Federe strain) infection in susceptible BALB\/c mice, suggesting the potential for using MSP\u2010B as an antigen in DNA vaccine development against African trypanosomiasis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.70033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T08:49:50Z","timestamp":1759999790000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["<scp>DNA<\/scp>\n                    Vaccine Encoding\n                    <i>Trypanosoma brucei<\/i>\n                    <scp>MSP<\/scp>\n                    \u2010B Elicited\n                    <scp>IgG<\/scp>\n                    and\n                    <scp>IFN<\/scp>\n                    \u2010\u03b3 Responses and Partial Protection in Immunised Mice"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0008-0366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aminu Bashir","family":"Yusuf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry Ahmadu Bello University (ABU)  Zaria Nigeria"},{"name":"African Centre of Excellence for Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology (ACENTDFB) ABU  Zaria Nigeria"},{"name":"Nigerian Institute for Trypanosomiasis Research (NITR)  Kaduna Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edwige Flore","family":"Gouegni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry Ahmadu Bello University (ABU)  Zaria Nigeria"},{"name":"African Centre of Excellence for Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology (ACENTDFB) ABU  Zaria Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amaya Jobin","family":"Habila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry Ahmadu Bello University (ABU)  Zaria Nigeria"},{"name":"African Centre of Excellence for Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology (ACENTDFB) ABU  Zaria Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isma'ila Alhaji","family":"Umar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry Ahmadu Bello University (ABU)  Zaria Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sani","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry Ahmadu Bello University (ABU)  Zaria Nigeria"},{"name":"African Centre of Excellence for Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology (ACENTDFB) ABU  Zaria Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junaid","family":"Kabir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"African Centre of Excellence for Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology (ACENTDFB) ABU  Zaria Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Medicine Faculty of Veterinary Medicine  ABU, Zaria Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Hirayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN) Nagasaki University  Nagasaki Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4890-567X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kentaro","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Eco\u2010Epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN) Nagasaki University  Nagasaki Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clara Vasquez","family":"Velasquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN) Nagasaki University  Nagasaki 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