{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T19:48:42Z","timestamp":1772999322625,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Malaria remains a major global health concern due to failing chemotherapy. This necessitates the continuous search for more effective antimalarial agents. This study investigates the potential antimalarial activity of\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Senna alata<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ,\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    a herb commonly used in the Nigerian tradomedicine system, and its impact on hepatic oxidative damage and expression of caspase\u20103 and nuclear factor kappa B (NF\u2010\u03baB) molecules. Thirty mice, divided into 6 groups (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20095\/group), were used for the study. Group 1 served as the negative control and received 0.2\u2009mL of normal saline. Groups 2\u20134 constituted the test groups, which received doses of 100, 200 and 400\u2009mg\/kg of the leaf ethanol extract of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Senna alata<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (EESa), respectively. Group 5 served as the standard drug control that received 20\u2009mg\/kg of LonartDS (artemether\u2010lumefantrine). Group 6, the na\u00efve group, were neither infected nor treated (NINT). Mice were treated for 4 consecutive days after confirming parasitaemia following inoculation. At the end of the 6th day post treatment, the animals were euthanized, and then blood samples and liver tissues were collected for analysis using documented methods and standard procedures. Results of the malaria curative test for\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium berghei<\/jats:italic>\n                    (NK 65) in murine model indicated that EESa significantly suppressed parasitaemia in treated groups, although not in a dose\u2010dependent manner, but values compared well with the standard drug treatment and EESa also improved the mean survival time (MST) and haematological indices of infected mice. Furthermore, EESa significantly reduced the hepatic expression of caspase\u20103 and NF\u2010\u03baB p65 molecules, suggesting its potential involvement in regulating apoptosis and inflammation in hepatic cells, as evidenced by the associated low histological grading. Put together, the demonstrated antimalarial activity of EESa protected the liver from the inflammatory and apoptotic damages caused by malarial infection in experimental mice. This study supports the use of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>S. alata<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    in the traditional treatment of malaria.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.70061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T07:39:06Z","timestamp":1769672346000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of Antimalarial Activity of\n                    <i>Senna alata<\/i>\n                    and Influence on Hepatic Caspase\u20103 and Nuclear Factor Keppa B"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"J. O.","family":"Acha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Malarial Research and Drug Discovery Unit, Department of Medical Biochemistry Delta State University  Abraka Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L. I.","family":"Ekakitie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malarial Research and Drug Discovery Unit, Department of Medical Biochemistry Delta State University  Abraka Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P. U.","family":"Egbowawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malarial Research and Drug Discovery Unit, Department of Medical Biochemistry Delta State University  Abraka Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G. N.","family":"Enudinusu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malarial Research and Drug Discovery Unit, Department of Medical Biochemistry Delta State University  Abraka Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Onyesom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malarial Research and Drug Discovery Unit, Department of Medical Biochemistry Delta State University  Abraka Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"Profiling of Phyllanthus Amarus and Evaluation of Associated Antimalarial Activity and Antioxidant Potential in Experimental Mice","volume":"9","author":"Ezedom T.","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Biological & Pharmaceutical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30875\/9789287053961"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ardp.200700184"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2580259"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Natural Products as Sources of Antimalarial Drugs","volume":"1","author":"Uzor P. F.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evidence\u2010based Complementary and Alternative Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2515690X221116407"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtb.2015.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23115949"},{"issue":"18","key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","first-page":"247","article-title":"Determination of Physical and Phytochemical Constituents of Some Tropical Timbers Indigenous to Niger Delta Area of Nigeria","volume":"10","author":"Ejikeme C. M.","year":"2014","journal-title":"European Scientific Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","volume-title":"Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine in Africa","author":"Sofowara A.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-016-1011-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","first-page":"82","article-title":"Preliminary Phytochemical Screening From Leaf and Seed Extracts of Senna Alata L. Roxb\u2010An Ethno Medicinal Plant","volume":"3","author":"Archana P.","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40816-016-0024-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/jbm.2023.111013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-6189(14)60077-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36547\/be.381"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-238"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-3055-9"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","first-page":"499","article-title":"Orthotopic Liver Transplantation: An Experimental Study on Mechanisms of Hemorrhagic Diathesis and Thrombosis","volume":"78","author":"Schalm S. W.","year":"1975","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","first-page":"119","article-title":"Cellco: Portable Device for Automated Blood Cell Count and Abnormal Cell Detection","volume":"9","author":"Chan Z. H.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Telecommunication, Electronic and Computer Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-021-02722-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(59)90090-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)81341-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(82)80377-3"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","first-page":"73","article-title":"Catalase Activity in Erythrocytes From Newborns, Infants and Adults","volume":"110","author":"Aksenes A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clinica Chimica Acta"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(78)90010-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)65827-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","volume-title":"Effects of Disease on Clinical Laboratory Tests","author":"Friedman R. B.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","first-page":"521","volume-title":"Clinical Chemistry, Theory, Analysis and Correlation","author":"Raymond\u2010Habecke J.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","first-page":"725","article-title":"725 IFCC Primary Reference Procedures for the Measurement of Catalytic Activity Concentrations of Enzymes at 37\u00b0C, Part 5","volume":"40","author":"Schumann G.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10408369109106872"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/27.10.1642"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(71)90365-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000456329202900301"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","first-page":"839","article-title":"Immunohistochemical Study of NF\u2010Kb p65, c\u2010IAP2 and Caspase\u20103 Expression in Cervical Cancer","volume":"3","author":"Xia L.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oncology Letters"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S279433"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2706-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5125038"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","first-page":"460","article-title":"In Vivo Antimalarial Activity of Crude Extract of Aerial Part of Artemisia Abyssinica Against Plasmodium Berghei in Mice","volume":"8","author":"Adugna M.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Global Journal of Pharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Extracts From the Root Bark of Carissa Edulis, Against Human\/Animal","volume":"2","author":"Abdu K. B.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Tropical Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2067"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","first-page":"545","article-title":"In Vivo Antimalarial Activity of Ajuga Remota Water Extracts Against Plasmodium Berghei in Mice","volume":"43","author":"Gitua J. N.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1993.48.154"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","article-title":"The Past and Present of Serum Aminotransferases and the Future of Liver Injury Biomarkers","volume":"15","author":"McGill M. R.","year":"2016","journal-title":"EXCLI Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","article-title":"Antimalarial Activity of Aqueous Stem Bark Extract of Newbouldia Laevis in Plasmodium Berghei\u2010Infected Mice","volume":"26","author":"Salawu M. O.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Centrepoint Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327110388534"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0189-7241(15)30097-7"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","first-page":"98","article-title":"Effects of Vitamin E Administration on Plasmodium Berghei Induced Pathological Changes and Oxidative Stress in Mice","volume":"29","author":"Ibrahim M. A.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tropical Biomedicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/immunohorizons.1700002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2008.10.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-006-0033-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.05.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-002-0816-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2005.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri910"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-06-226415"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-260"}],"container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/pim.70061","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/pim.70061","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/pim.70061","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T17:09:57Z","timestamp":1772989797000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/pim.70061"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/pim.70061"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pim.70061","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0141-9838","1365-3024"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0141-9838","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-3024","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-19","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-28","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70061"}}