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While the type 2 response is well\u2010characterised, the roles of T follicular helper (Tfh), Th17, and IL\u20109\u2010producing lymphocytes remain poorly defined. Here, we characterised these T cell subsets in individuals naturally infected with hookworms. From 1500 faecal samples screened, 60 were positive for hookworms, and peripheral blood was collected from 10 uninfected controls from endemic (NEG END) and non\u2010endemic (NEG NE) areas, as well as from 7 infected individuals before (HKW BT) and after (HKW PT) treatment. Infected individuals displayed haematological alterations, including anaemia (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20092), eosinophilia (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091), monocytosis (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20094), and lymphocytosis (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20093), along with an expansion of PBMCs, particularly Tfh cells, during infection. Expression of IL\u20109 and IL\u201010 by Tfh cells was markedly elevated after treatment. In contrast, individuals from non\u2010endemic areas displayed a distinct baseline profile with higher Tfh activation (CD69) expression, suggesting immune adaptation in endemic settings. While IL\u201010\u2010producing Tfh expanded during infection, IL\u20109\u2010producing cells and Th17 cells expanded mainly after treatment. These findings suggest that individuals living in endemic areas, regardless of infection status, exhibit signs of persistent antigenic stimulation that promote a more tolerogenic and regulated immune profile. Moreover, hookworm infection and subsequent treatment reshape the immune landscape, highlighting the contribution of Tfh\u2010 and Th17\u2010associated pathways, as well as IL\u20109 and IL\u201010 production, in modulating host\u2013parasite interactions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.70070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T11:23:59Z","timestamp":1773401039000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison Between Phenotypic Profile and Functional Aspects of\n                    <scp>IL<\/scp>\n                    \u20109\u2010Producing Lymphocytes, Th17 and Tfh of Individuals From Endemic and Non\u2010Endemic Areas for Hookworm Infection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Yvanna Louise Di Christine","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Tropical Entomology and Parasitology, Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences Federal University of Sergipe  S\u00e3o Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4337-625X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo Eduardo","family":"Cardozo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunobiology and Parasite Control, Department of Parasitology Federal University of Minas Gerais  Belo Horizonte Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luisa Mour\u00e3o Dias","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Interactions in ImmunoParasitology, Department of Parasitology Federal University of Minas Gerais  Belo Horizonte Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos Thailan","family":"de Jesus Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Tropical Entomology and Parasitology, Postgraduate Program in Parasite Biology Federal University of Sergipe  S\u00e3o Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ramayana Morais de Medeiros","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunobiology and Parasite Control, Department of Parasitology Federal University of Minas Gerais  Belo Horizonte Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luciana Maria","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Tropical Entomology and Parasitology, Postgraduate Program in Parasite Biology Federal University of Sergipe  S\u00e3o Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana Carolina Amado","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunobiology and Parasite Control, Department of Parasitology Federal University of Minas Gerais  Belo Horizonte Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vin\u00edcius Torres Castro","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Tropical Entomology and Parasitology, Postgraduate Program in Parasite Biology Federal University of Sergipe  S\u00e3o Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ricardo Toshio","family":"Fujiwara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunobiology and Parasite Control, Department of Parasitology Federal University of Minas Gerais  Belo Horizonte Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Tropical Entomology and Parasitology, Postgraduate Program in Parasite Biology Federal University of Sergipe  S\u00e3o Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvio Santana","family":"Dolabella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Tropical Entomology and Parasitology, Postgraduate 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