{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T23:50:36Z","timestamp":1774569036056,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    infection induces marked splenic remodelling, but the phenotype of macrophages driving this process remains unclear. CD163 is frequently used as an M2\u2010associated marker in chronic helminth infections. This study evaluated whether the CD163:CD68 ratio can serve as a semi\u2010quantitative indicator of macrophage polarisation in schistosomal splenomegaly. Forty female CD\u20101 mice were divided into infected and control groups, and spleens were collected at 7\u2010, 15\u2010, and 23\u2010weeks post\u2010infection. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry for CD68 and CD163 were quantified in five high\u2010power fields per animal. Semi\u2010quantitative scoring, percentage positivity, CD163:CD68 ratios, and correlations with pathological severity were analysed. Chronic infection caused progressive splenic pathology, including white pulp atrophy, red pulp congestion, fibrous septa, extramedullary haematopoiesis, and hemosiderin\u2010laden macrophages. CD68\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    macrophages increased significantly from 20% to 30% in controls to 70%\u201385% at 23\u2009weeks (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), while CD163 expression declined from 49.3% in na\u00efve spleens to nearly zero at all post\u2010infection time points. The CD163:CD68 ratio fell from 1.97 to near zero. CD163 correlated negatively with CD68 (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22120.891) and pathology severity (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22120.876), whereas CD68 showed a strong positive correlation (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009+0.912). Chronic\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    infection induces a profound, early, and sustained downregulation of CD163 expression on splenic macrophages despite expansion of the total macrophage pool. While CD163 loss associates with splenic congestion, iron accumulation, and architectural remodelling, the functional implications of this change remain to be fully defined. We therefore propose that disruption of CD163\u2010dependent homeostatic programmes may contribute to splenic pathology, a hypothesis that warrants future functional and multi\u2010marker validation in line with current concepts of macrophage plasticity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.70075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T02:50:27Z","timestamp":1773456627000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The CD163:CD68 Ratio Reflects Splenic Macrophage Remodelling in Murine Chronic Schistosomiasis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Asmaa M.","family":"Ammar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine Ain\u2010Shams University  Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hend M.","family":"Hussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine Ain\u2010Shams University  Cairo Egypt"},{"name":"Immunology and Parasitology Department Al Rayan National College of Medicine  Al\u2010Madinah Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6126-6481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noha A.","family":"Elleboudy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine Ain\u2010Shams University  Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariam I.","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine Ain\u2010Shams University  Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shimaa E.","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine Ain\u2010Shams University  Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"Schistosomiasis","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43066-024-00339-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5581\/1516-8484.20130098"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074\u201002762009000900020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26429"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"4465","article-title":"Prognostic Significance of CD68, CD163 and Folate Receptor\u2010\u03b2 Positive Macrophages in Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"15","author":"Minami K.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-06443-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233712442733"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182023000021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.17842"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7837-3_12"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.615599"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13201679"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","first-page":"55","article-title":"A Rapid Method of Infecting Laboratory Animals With Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"55","author":"Peters P. 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