{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T11:03:07Z","timestamp":1779706987980,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection, which causes Chagas' disease, induces an immune response in the host whose efficiency is important for the infection to persist or be eliminated. Alcohol consumption produces a great impact on the immune system, inducing alterations in the determination of T lymphocyte effector function, directing the profile of these cells to tolerance or inflammation. Our study aimed to evaluate, in C57BL\/6 mice, the cytokine production in splenic leukocytes from\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>T. cruzi<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    infected and treated (EtOH) for 15\u2009days and controls. Twenty\u2010four mice were randomised into four groups, with 12 animals each: (1) Non\u2010Infected Control (NI), (2) Control Infected (CI), (3) Experimental Non\u2010Infected (EtOH\n                    <jats:sub>\u2212<\/jats:sub>\n                    NI), and (4) Experimental Infected (EtOH\u2013I). Ethanol\u2010pre\u2010exposed infected mice exhibited elevated parasitaemia during the patent period compared to controls. Adaptive immunity was characterised by increased IL\u20104, IL\u201010 and IFN\u2010\u03b3 production by CD8+ T lymphocytes, while innate immunity showed reduced cytokine production, particularly in NK cells and macrophages. Ethanol amplified IL\u201010 and IFN\u2010\u03b3 responses in macrophages yet suppressed TNF\u2010\u03b1 production in dendritic cells and macrophages during infection. These findings suggest ethanol modulates the immune response by enhancing adaptive immunity while impairing innate mechanisms, contributing to altered host\u2010pathogen dynamics in\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>T. cruzi<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.70081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T05:50:21Z","timestamp":1779083421000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Alcohol Pre\u2010Exposure in\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>T. cruzi<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    \u2010Infected Mice Enhances\n                    <scp>IL<\/scp>\n                    \u20104 Production by\n                    <scp>CD8<\/scp>\n                    T Cells and Modulates Innate Immunity Cytokine Response"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Paulo Henrique Tolentino","family":"Moura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, UNIMONTES\u2010PPGCS  Montes Claros Minas Gerais Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz Prado","family":"Noronha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Ren\u00e9 Rachou, FIOCRUZ\u2010MG  Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcio Sobreira Silva","family":"Araujo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Ren\u00e9 Rachou, FIOCRUZ\u2010MG  Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcela Lima","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, 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