{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T12:44:30Z","timestamp":1791377070828,"version":"4.3.2"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Loss of immune tolerance and sustained inflammatory signalling are central features in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Although helminth infections are often associated with immunoregulatory protection, accumulating evidence suggests that\n                    <jats:italic>Toxocara canis<\/jats:italic>\n                    may represent an important exception. This review highlights the dual and context\u2010dependent effects of\n                    <jats:italic>Toxocara canis<\/jats:italic>\n                    on autoimmune pathways, where live infection can amplify autoreactivity while parasite\u2010derived molecules exert selective immunomodulatory effects. During acute infection, larval migration induces strong Th1\/Th17\u2010skewed inflammation accompanied by tissue injury, autoantigen release, and enhanced antigen presentation, lowering immune tolerance thresholds. Molecular mimicry, polyclonal B\u2010cell activation, and persistent antigenic stimulation may further promote autoantibody production and chronic immune dysregulation. Neuroinvasion and inflammation sustain cytokine networks implicated in disorders such as multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and autoimmune\u2010associated epilepsy. Experimental models of autoimmune encephalomyelitis show that live\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>T. canis<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    infection exacerbates disease severity through amplification of pathogenic Th17 responses. In contrast, parasite excretory\/secretory molecules including mucins, C\u2010type lectins, cystatins, serpins and extracellular vesicle cargo, modulate pattern recognition receptor signalling and downstream PI3K\/Akt, MAPK and NF\u2010\u03baB pathways. These effects promote regulatory T\u2010cell expansion, alternatively activated macrophage polarization, and anti\u2010inflammatory cytokine production, highlighting parasite\u2010derived molecules as potential templates for targeted immunomodulatory therapies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.70085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T14:21:02Z","timestamp":1778854862000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Infection\u2010Driven Autoimmune Amplification Versus Molecule\u2010Specific Immune Modulation: The Dual Role of\n                    <i>Toxocara canis<\/i>\n                    in Autoimmunity"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1095-7263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iman F.","family":"Abou\u2010El\u2010Naga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Parasitology Department Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University  Alexandria Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2621"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2022.102962"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102681"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.299.6710.1259"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13944"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/329438"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7705\/biomedica.v38i0.3684"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.12.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","first-page":"245","article-title":"A Study on Patients With Eosinophilia of Suspected Parasitic Origin","volume":"25","author":"Zawawy L. A.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2021.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071\u2010015\u20100962\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12672"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2022.106784"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1632416"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014\u20104894(92)90123\u2010r"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","first-page":"669","article-title":"Toxocara canis: Determination of the Origin of Antigenic Materials Released From Infective Larvae","volume":"30","author":"Naga I. F.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22579\/20112629.631"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436\u2010025\u201008528\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7705\/biomedica.7828"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109082"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.864632"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2024.110186"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2025.107913"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108267"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1438272"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u20102567.1997.00208.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7705\/biomedica.4891"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686\u2010021\u201000337\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1986.35.974"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436\u2010019\u201006395\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2020.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0141\u20109838.2004.00716.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u20103024.1998.00146.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","first-page":"91","volume-title":"Toxocara and Toxocariasis: Clinical, Epidemiological and Molecular Perspectives","author":"Smith H. V.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0147\u20109571(97)00027\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/JIDI2025.0234"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29262\/ram.v71i1.1376"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20103024.1995.tb01006.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20103024.1984.tb00779.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.4.1665"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M005632200"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0960\u20109822(99)80366\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u2010065x.1998.tb01185.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","first-page":"49","article-title":"Phylogenetic Analysis of C Type Lectin From Toxocara canis Infective Larvae and Comparison With the C Type Lectin Family in the Immune System of Mouse and Human","volume":"13","author":"Etebar F.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Parasitology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.31.18517"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2025.111720"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166\u20106851(86)90035\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/1.2.163"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","first-page":"625","article-title":"The Production of Human A and B Blood Group Like Substances by in Vitro Maintained Second Stage Toxocara canis Larvae: Their Presence on the Outer Larval Surfaces and in Their Excretions\/Secretions","volume":"54","author":"Smith H. V.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2016.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2018.06.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2006.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10030321"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436\u2010024\u201008212\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9060431"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7145"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47665\/tb.39.3.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_60_1","article-title":"Cloning and Expression of a Molecule With Immunomodulatory Potential, a Cysteine Protease Inhibitor From Toxocara canis","volume":"1","author":"Karabowicz J.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Parasitology International"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1669"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010017\u201010677\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.04.072"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182011002435"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436\u2010019\u201006405\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpb.2021.110632"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3834"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010734"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.514646"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10080949"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8040280"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2009.103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0165420"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.05.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12121517"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2008.09.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399\u20103011.2003.21039.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17420\/ap6801.418"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1214095"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436\u2010015\u20104561\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2022.106579"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.03066"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2022.106467"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201211138"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12182"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009866"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2023.107041"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_88_1","first-page":"283","article-title":"Toxocariasis and Multiple Sclerosis: A Case\u2010Control Study in Iran","volume":"19","author":"Zibaei M.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology Asia"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639\u2010019\u201001174\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trab056"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5359.26605"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2019.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.12646"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_94_1","first-page":"251","article-title":"Toxocariasis Seroprevalence in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"29","author":"Kaplan M.","year":"2005","journal-title":"T\u00fcrkiye Parazitolojii Dergisi"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9102091"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0028\u20103886.364076"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006665"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27584"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12816\/0006316"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbre.2014.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2023.e00195"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_102_1","first-page":"1413","article-title":"Rheumatoid Purpura Associated With Toxocariasis","volume":"57","author":"Bellanger A. P.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Canadian Family Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005617"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476\u20105381.2011.01302.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182022001238"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0803803"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20103024.2010.01207.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436\u2010010\u20101985\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2010.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2012.07.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005\u2010017\u20100489\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01453"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/ap\u20102017\u20100002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742\u20102094\u201010\u201035"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00106"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1400927"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12760"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.13010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2025.578569"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2010.06.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12594"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/11.5.71r"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.12.032"}],"container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/pim.70085","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/pim.70085","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/pim.70085","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T10:21:47Z","timestamp":1779704507000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/pim.70085"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":122,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/pim.70085"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pim.70085","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0141-9838","1365-3024"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0141-9838","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-3024","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-03-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-11","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70085"}}