{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T06:00:54Z","timestamp":1790316054698,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Toxocara canis<\/jats:italic>\n                    larvae migrate through the liver, where persistent tissue injury and immune\u2010mediated inflammation may promote granuloma formation and fibrosis. This review summarizes the histopathological and imaging features, cellular and molecular mechanisms, clinical assessment, and potential reversibility of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>T. canis<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u2010induced liver fibrosis. Experimental evidence indicates that fibrosis is typically focal or multifocal and progresses from eosinophil\u2010rich inflammation and fibrocellular granulomas to collagen\u2010rich lesions, with a later predominance of collagen type I. Fibrogenesis involves hepatic stellate\u2010cell activation within a TGF\u2010\u03b21\u2010, IL\u20104\/IL\u201013\u2010, and alternatively activated macrophage\u2010associated microenvironment.\n                    <jats:italic>Toxocara<\/jats:italic>\n                    excretory\u2010secretory products, proteases, extracellular vesicles, and regulatory RNAs may further influence NF\u2010\u03baB\/MAPK, NOD1\/2\u2013RIP2, JAK\/STAT, and IL\u201033\/ST2 signaling, although many proposed links remain indirect or unvalidated in the liver. Human evidence is limited mainly to imaging reports and small case series; the epidemiological contribution of toxocariasis to chronic fibrosis and cirrhosis therefore remains unknown. A preliminary murine study suggesting regression of chemically induced fibrosis after infection highlights the context\u2010dependent nature of parasite\u2013host interactions but requires independent confirmation. Standardized human studies and clinically relevant experimental models are needed to define disease burden, validate biomarkers, and identify safe adjunctive antifibrotic strategies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.70104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T05:56:02Z","timestamp":1790315762000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Insights Into\n                    <i>Toxocara canis<\/i>\n                    \u2010Induced Liver Fibrosis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1095-7263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iman F.","family":"Abou\u2010El\u2010Naga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine Alexandria University  Alexandria Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_19_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1759431"},{"key":"e_1_2_19_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7705\/biomedica.v38i0.3684"},{"key":"e_1_2_19_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.10.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_19_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(84)90066-9","article-title":"The Migration of Larval Toxocara canis in Mice. 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